夏季大西洋Niňo基本特征及其与中国夏季降水异常的联系

利用NCEP-DOE AMIP-Ⅱ再分析资料、Hadley中心海表温度资料以及全国160站降水资料,运用经验正交函数(Empirical Orthogonal Function,EOF)分解和回归分析等方法,研究了夏季大西洋Niňo的变化特征及其与中国夏季降水异常的联系。结果表明:夏季大西洋Niňo是热带大西洋海温异常的第一EOF模态,其方差贡献率为33.7%,具有明显的年际变化特征。当夏季大西洋Niňo处于暖位相时,对流层低层西北太平洋地区出现明显的异常反气旋,受其影响,西太平洋副热带高压强度增强、位置西伸,中国华南地区出现显著的西南风异常,有利于西太平洋副热带高压西南侧的水汽向中国长江流域及其以北地区输送,使中国长江流域和华北地区降水增多,而中国东南沿海地区则受西北太平洋异常反气旋控制,不利于降水发生;反之亦然。     

淮河梅雨洪涝与西太平洋副热带高压季节推进异常

基于台站观测和卫星观测资料及再分析数据集,本文研究了6月淮河洪涝发生时中国东部降雨型及与雨带异常相联系的环流特征、环流的季节推进异常及其机理.结果发现6月淮河流域洪涝与亚洲环流和中国东部降水联合模态的第二模态密切相关.该模态在我国东部降水表现为以长江为界北增南减的“梅雨偶极型”分布,对应的低层风场呈现出倾斜的以台湾为界,以南西太平洋是异常气旋环流,以北为反气旋环流,即西太平洋副热带高压偏北,淮河流域上存在异常西南风;同时阿拉伯海上是异常反气旋,印度上空西风偏强、降水显著偏多.这些特征是东亚和西太平洋季风区季节推进超前的反映,且与前期春季澳大利亚东北向海域海洋热含量异常偏高显著相关.该关键区海洋热含量变化是太平洋热含量变化第一模态——三极型变化的一部分,即当菲律宾以东的西太平洋和澳大利亚东北向海域海洋热含量增加,赤道中东太平洋热含量减少.该三极型海洋热含量异常从春到夏信号稳定,它激发正感热加热异常控制菲律宾以东到夏威夷以北的广大热带—副热带西太平洋地区,其北侧黑潮延伸区为负感热区.两者共同作用激发出局地反气旋在北、气旋在南,使对流层低层西太平洋副热带高压偏北.因此春季三极型海洋热含量通过影响对流层低层西太平洋副热带高压异常北移对东亚—西太平洋季节推进提前和6月淮河梅雨洪涝发生起重要作用,可作为季节预测的前期因子之一.     

北太平洋中纬度负海温异常对副热带高压影响的数值试验

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所的T42L9全球大气环流模式，研究了1993年夏季北太平洋中纬度海温异常对西太平洋副热带高压的影响。数值试验结果表明：（1）中纬度地区负距平海温异常对其南侧太平洋副热带高压的形态和脊线位置都有影响，负距平海温异常试验的500hPa副热带高压的形态明显比气候平均海温试验更接近于NCEP资料实况，对流层中下层副热带高压脊线的平均位置也比气候平均海温试验要偏南，与实况比也更接近了；（2）在500hPa上，北太平洋中纬度负距平海温异常在其南侧产生的高度扰动使副热带高压向南偏移，而在其北侧产生的高度扰动则沿北太平洋中高纬度、北美中高纬度、北大西洋和欧洲南部以及地中海和北非地区的大圆路径传播，并影响和改变整个北半球大气环流的变化。1993年夏季北太平洋中纬度异常的低海温可能是该年盛夏6、7月北太平洋副热带高压位置异常偏南的重要原因之一。     

2018/2019年冬季浙江罕见持续阴雨天气的环流异常与海温强迫

利用NCEP/NCAR全球再分析资料、地面观测资料和自动站降水资料,分析了2018/2019年冬季浙江罕见连续阴雨寡照天气过程中冬季风环流和南支槽等环流异常,并从西风带波动、海温强迫等方面研究了局地环流异常的成因。结果表明:2018/2019年冬季连阴雨事件中雨日、日照破历史记录,雨量较常年同期明显偏多。主要的环流异常为西北太平洋异常反气旋（WNPAC）明显偏北,同时阿留申低压和西伯利亚高压亦偏北,东亚地区40°N以南有强的偏南风异常,冬季风偏弱;南支槽较常年偏强,保证了浙江上空有持续的水汽和扰动输送。对流层中层存在沿欧洲向东亚—西太平洋传播的波动能量,波能在东亚地区一直向南传播至20°N以南,可能导致WNPAC明显北抬和南支槽加强。ENSO是WNPAC的重要强迫源,ENSO暖位相使得海洋性大陆出现异常对流冷却,而浙江上空对流加强,ENSO对南支槽活动强度亦有明显的制约作用。中国近海海温偏高是WNPAC和阿留申低压明显偏北的重要影响因素。2018/2019年冬季局地环流异常可能由ENSO和中国近海海温协同强迫所致。     

The influence of ENSO on sea surface temperature variations in the China seas

Positive SST anomalies usually appear in remote ocean such as the China seas during an ENSO event.By analyzing the monthly data of HadISST from 1950 to 2007,it shows that the interannual component of SST anomalies peak approximately 10 months after SST anomalies peak in the eastern equatorial Pacific.As the ENSO event progresses,the positive SST anomalies spread throughout the China seas and eastward along the Kuroshio extension.Atmospheric reanalysis data demonstrate that changes in the net surface heat flux entering into the China seas are responsible for the SST variability.During El Ni o,the western north Pacific anticyclone is generated,with anomalous southwester lies prevailing along the East Asian coast.This anticyclone reduces the mean surface wind speed which decreases the surface heat flux and then increases the SST.The delays between the developing of this anticyclone and the south Indian Ocean anticyclone with approximately 3–6 months cause the 2–3 months lag of the surface heat flux between the China seas and the Indian Ocean.The northwestern Pacific anticyclone is the key process bridging the warming in the eastern equatorial Pacific and that in the China seas.     

1998和2010年夏季降水异常成因的对比分析：兼论两类不同厄尔尼诺事件的影响

1998和2010年夏季长江流域均发生了明显的洪涝灾害,且都是厄尔尼诺事件的次年(衰亡位相).不同的是:1997/1998年冬季的厄尔尼诺事件是传统东部型,而2009/2010年冬季的厄尔尼诺事件是中部型(EL Ni(n)o Modoki).首先利用中国160个台站月降水观测资料,对比了1998和2010年降水异常情况,结果显示除长江流域多降水这一共同特征外,1998和2010年降水分布还存在一定差异.利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对比了大气环流异常特征.结果表明:与1998年相比,2010年西北太平洋对流层低层异常反气旋中心位置偏北偏西,西太平洋副热带高压偏强、脊线偏北,使得南海孟加拉湾西南风减弱而东亚南风加强,导致自印度洋、南海向内陆的水汽输送减少,而自西太平洋的水汽输送增加并输送到偏北的位置,雨带比1998年偏北,中国西南地区降水比1998年偏少.进一步分析厄尔尼诺的影响,揭示环流形势的变化与中部型厄尔尼诺年赤道太平洋异常上升气流比传统厄尔尼诺年偏西、西太平洋异常下沉气流随之变化有关.利用GFDL大气环流模式AM2.1,进行了给定1998和2010年实际观测海温强迫的试验,显示海温差异能够部分解释观测到的环流异常.最后,将这两个个例与历史合成进行了比较,发现2010年与历史合成的中部型厄尔尼诺存在较大差异,表明中部型厄尔尼诺对中国夏季降水的影响比以前所认识的要复杂.     

2009号台风“美莎克”对黑龙江的影响及非对称结构特征

使用常规观测资料及ERA5（0.25°×0.25°）再分析资料,对2009号台风“美莎克”进行分析。结果表明：此次过程,副热带高压异常强大,位置偏北,并与北侧阻高合并形成高压坝阻挡;“美莎克”沿副高外围北上与中纬度低涡及冷空气相互作用,变性后斜压性明显加大,低涡增强;“美莎克”携带大量水汽,同时中低空急流将海上水汽持续向黑龙江输送,并在黑龙江强烈辐合,形成强的水汽辐合区和水汽辐合带;高低空急流耦合构成强的垂直环流,对应非常强的垂直上升速度;副热带高压向西北伸展,高空引导气流和热成风方向转为西北—东南向,促使“美莎克”登陆后向西北移动,穿过黑龙江,是黑龙江出现大暴雨的主要原因。分析台风中心涡度、散度、垂直速度、位温、湿位涡等物理量的三维结构变化,可以很好地认识台风在北上登陆中的变性过程以及降水出现非对称结构的原因。     

Seasonal evolution of subtropical anticyclones in the climate system model FGOALS-s2

The simulation characteristics of the seasonal evolution of subtropical anticyclones in the Northern Hemisphere are documented for the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land Systemmodel, Spectral Version 2 (FGOALS-s2), developed at the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, the Institute of Atmospheric Physics. An understanding of the seasonal evolution of the subtropical anticyclones is also addressed. Compared with the global analysis established by the European Centre for Medium-Range Forecasts, the ERA-40 global reanalysis data, the general features of subtropical anticyclones and their evolution are simulated well in both winter and summer, while in spring a pronounced bias in the generation of the South Asia Anticyclone(SAA) exists. Its main deviation in geopotential height from the reanalysis is consistent with the bias of temperature in the troposphere. It is found that condensation heating (CO) plays a dominant role in the seasonal development of the SAA and the subtropical anticyclone over the western Pacific (SAWP) in the middle troposphere. The CO biases in the model account for the biases in the establishment of the SAA in spring and the weaker strength of the SAA and the SAWP from spring to summer. CO is persistently overestimated in the central-east tropical Pacific from winter to summer, while it is underestimated over the area from the South China Sea to the western Pacific from spring to summer. Such biases generate an illusive anticyclonic gyre in the upper troposphere above the middle Pacific and delay the generation of the SAA over South Asia in April. In midsummer, the simulated SAA is located farther north than in the ERA-40 data owing to excessively strong surface sensible heating (SE) to the north of the Tibetan Plateau. Whereas, the two surface subtropical anticyclones in the eastern oceans during spring to summer are controlled mainly by the surface SE over the two continents in the Northern Hemisphere, which are simulated reasonably well, albeit with their centers shifted westwards owing to the weaker longwave radiation cooling in the simulation associated with much weaker local stratiform cloud. Further improvements in the related parameterization of physical processes are therefore identified.     

副热带高压气候动力学研究回顾

基于早期副热带高压气候动力学的研究,本文重点介绍了近10 a在南亚高压和西太平洋副热带高压形成和变异机理方面的动力学研究,包括南亚高压的建立和维持机理、副热带高压的季节变化、年际—年代际变化和未来预估,最后讨论了需要进一步深入研究的方面。     

ON THE MAINTENANCE OF BLOCKING ANTICYCLONES OF NORTHERN HEMISPHERE—PART I:QUASI-GEOSTROPHIC POTENTIAL VORTICITY ANALYSIS

Four observed blocking anticyclones in different regions of the Northern Hemisphere are in-vestigated.Analyses show that there exist distinct differences in the maintenance of the time-meanquasi-geostrophic potential vorticity(PV)low in 300 hPa within blocking areas.In two Pacificblocking cases,the PV advection by time-mean flow tends to flow the PV low to northwestern partof the blocking highs,and thus is beneficial to the maintenance of the blockings'strength.Thetransfer by transient eddies acts to balance the effect of the time-mean flow.In the Atlantic andAlaska blocking cases,however,the advection of mean flow tends to flow the PV low eastward.The PV transfer by transient eddies acts to flow potential vorticity low to the western part of theblocking ridges and also to balance the time-mean flow's effect.Thus,in the latter two cases,it isthe transfer by the transient eddies that acts to maintain the blockings.