南海夏季风活动与季内北太平洋副高的形态和西伸

基于dbl小波基和shannon熵的4层小波包分解重构及HCEP／NCAR逐日再分析资料，研究讨论了南海夏季风与季内北太平洋副高东西形态和西伸过程的相关特征，提出和定义了诊断判别副高活动的夏季风小波包频域能量判据，揭示出南海夏季风低频扰动与太平洋副高形态活动之间的一些新的现象和关联。     

THE SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON AND THE SEASONAL MODALITY AND WEST EXTENDING OF THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH

~~THE SOUTH CHINA SEA SUMMER MONSOON AND THE SEASONAL MODALITY AND WEST EXTENDING OF THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE PACIFIC SUBTROPICAL HIGH@张韧$Department of Marine Meteorology, Institute of Meteorology, PLA University of Sciences & Technology, Nanjing 211101 China @何金海$Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing Institute of Meteorology, Nanjing 210044 China @董兆俊$Department of Marine Meteorology, Institute of Meteorology, PLA Uni…     

Intercomparison of the Summertime Subtropical High from the ERA-40 and NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis over East Eurasia and the western North Pacific

An intercomparison of summertime (JJA) subtropical geopotential heights from the ERA-40 and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis is specifically conducted over East Eurasia and the western North Pacific. The NCEP/NCAR is obviously lower than the ERA-40 in the mid-to-lower troposphere in most regions of East Eurasia before the mid-1970s, but becomes higher than the ERA-40 after the mid-1970s and thus demonstrates stronger increased trends during the period of 1958--2001. Both reanalyses are lower than the observations in most regions of China. The NCEP/NCAR especially shows tremendously systematic lower values before the mid-1960s and displays abrupt changes before the 1970s. Several indices of the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH), calculated from both reanalyzed summer geopotential heights, also reveal that the variation trend of the NCEP/NCAR is stronger than that of the ERA-40 in the mid-to-lower troposphere from 1958 to 2001. Through singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis, the summer geopotential heights at 500 hPa from the ERA-40 are better than the NCEP/NCAR counterparts at interacting with the precipitation over the East Asian monsoon region. The results indicate that the NCEP/NCAR in the mid-and-lower troposphere may overestimate interdecadal changes and should be used cautiously to study the relationship between the WNPSH and precipitation ove ther East Asia Monsoon region before the mid-1970s.     

Intercomparison of the Summertime Subtropical High from the ERA-40 and over East Eurasia and the western North Pacific

An intercomparison of summertime (JJA)subtropical geopotential heights from the ERA-40 and NCEP/NCAR reanalysis is specifically conducted over East Eurasia and the western North Pacific. The NCEP/NCAR is obviously lower than the ERA-40 in the mid-to-lower troposphere in most regions of East Eurasia before the mid-1970s, but becomes higher than the ERA-40 after the mid-1970s and thus demonstrates stronger increased trends during the period of 1958-2001. Both reanalyses are lower than the observations in most regions of China. The NCEP/NCAR especially shows tremendously systematic lower values before the mid-1960s and displays abrupt changes before the 1970s. Several indices of the western North Pacific subtropical high (WNPSH), calculated from both reanalyzed summer geopotential heights, also reveal that the variation trend of the NCEP/NCAR is stronger than that of the ERA-40 in the mid-to-lower troposphere from 1958 to 2001. Through singular value decomposition (SVD) analysis, the summer geopotential heights at 500 hPa from the ERA-40 are better than the NCEP/NCAR counterparts at interacting with the precipitation over the East Asian monsoon region. The results indicate that the NCEP/NCAR in the mid-and-lower troposphere may overestimate interdecadal changes and should be used cautiously to study the relationship between the WNPSH and precipitation ove ther East Asia Monsoon region before the mid-1970s.     

前期青藏高原积雪与ENSO对南海夏季风强度的协同影响

基于1980—2018年罗格斯大学全球积雪实验室积雪面积、英国气象局哈得来中心海温、欧洲中期天气预报中心（ECMWF）第5代再分析（ERA-5）土壤湿度、美国国家环境预报中心和美国国家大气研究中心（NCEP/NCAR）再分析、美国国家海洋大气管理局（NOAA）气候预测中心降水（CMAP）和全球降水气候计划降水（GPCP）等数据,采用相关、合成和回归等分析方法,分析了前期青藏高原积雪和厄尔尼诺-南方涛动（ENSO）年际尺度变化对南海夏季风强度及降水的协同影响。结果表明:在年际尺度上,青藏高原积雪、ENSO与南海夏季风变率有密切关系,当青藏高原春季积雪西部偏多且东部偏少时,夏季高原西部对流层温度偏低,在高原上空产生异常下沉气流并向外辐散,引起中国南海地区对流层中低层为异常下沉气流。另外,赤道中东太平洋海温异常偏高则会使夏季印度洋海温异常偏高,对流层温度偏高,在西北太平洋产生东北风异常,加强西北太平洋和中国南海上空的反气旋性环流异常。在青藏高原积雪和ENSO共同影响下,夏季850 hPa中国南海上空反气旋异常进一步加强,南海夏季风强度减弱,降水减少。      

越赤道气流的季节变化及其对南海夏季风爆发的影响

基于NCEP/NCAR资料分析了对流层越赤道气流的季节变化,指出越赤道气流中心在低层位于925hPa,在高层位于150 hPa。东半球的越赤道气流是一种典型的季风型气流,而西半球越赤道气流具有信风特征。研究结果还表明,低层的索马里和南海越赤道气流对南海夏季风的爆发有至关重要的作用,在季风爆发前2候,索马里急流有一次迅速的增强,这一增强有利于加速孟加拉湾地区西风的向东扩展,并使控制在南海上空的西太平洋副高东撤;同时,南海越赤道气流的迅速增强也推动副高北上,共同促使南海夏季风全面爆发。不仅如此,二者对季风爆发的早晚也有重要影响,当前期这两支越赤道气流建立偏早、强度偏强时,南海夏季风爆发易偏早。反之,当其建立偏晚、强度偏弱时,季风爆发易偏晚。     

Simulation of Asian Monsoon Seasonal Variations with Climate Model R42L9／LASG

The seasonal variations of the Asian monsoon were explored by applying the atmospheric general circulation model R42L9 that was developed recently at the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (LASG/IAP/CAS). The 20-yr (1979-1998) simulation was done using the prescribed 20-yr monthly SST and sea-ice data as required by Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP)Ⅱ in the model. The monthly precipitation and monsoon circulations were analyzed and compared with the observations to validate the model‘s performance in simulating the climatological mean and seasonal variations of the Asian monsoon. The results show that the model can capture the main features of the spatial distribution and the temporal evolution of precipitation in the Indian and East Asian monsoon areas. The model also reproduced the basic patterns of monsoon circulation. However, some biases exis tin this model. The simulation of the heating over the Tibetan Plateau in summer was too strong. The overestimated heating caused a stronger East Asian monsoon and a weaker Indian monsoon than the observations. In the circulation fields, the South Asia high was stronger and located over the Tibetan Plateau. The western Pacific subtropical high was extended westward, which is in accordance with the observational results when the heating over the Tibetan Plateau is stronger. Consequently, the simulated rainfall around this area and in northwest China was heavier than in observations, but in the Indian monsoon area and west Pacific the rainfall was somewhat deficient.     

东亚-北太平洋偶极型气压场及其与东亚季风年际变化的关系

利用美国NCEP/NCAR的月平均再分析资料,研究东亚-太平洋地区地面气压的耦合模态与东亚副热带季风异常的关系,结果表明:在亚洲大陆和北半球太平洋之间气压场的偶极子模态主要反映了东亚地区东西向气压梯度的异常.从20世纪60年代到70年代中期,东亚-太平洋的这种偶极子表现为蒙古地区气压偏低和太平洋地区气压偏高的特征,而从20世纪70年代后期到90年代,则表现为蒙古地区气压偏高和太平洋地区气压偏低的特征.在偶极子指数值较高的年份,冬季(或夏季)蒙古高压(或蒙古低压)和太平洋阿留申低压(或太平洋副热带高压)较强     

Multi-year simulation of the East Asian Monsoon and Precipitation in China using a Regional Climate Model and Evaluation

1. Introduction As an important way to study the global climate change, because of its low resolution, GCM (general circulation model) shows obvious deficiency and uncer- tainty in capturing some regional features when used in the regional climate study, and the uncertainty is even serious in regional climate simulation over East Asia (Ding et al., 2000; Zhao and Luo, 1998; Qian et al., 1999). The high-resolution regional climate model (RegCM) developed in the 1980s can provide better simu…     

Simulations of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet by LASG/IAP AGCMs

Performances of two LASG/IAP(State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sci- ences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics/Institute of Atmospheric Physics)Atmospheric General Circulation Models(AGCMs),namely GAMIL and SAMIL,in simulating the major characteristics of the East Asian subtropical westerly jet(EASWJ)in the upper troposphere are examined in this paper.The mean vertical and horizontal structures and the correspondence of the EASWJ location to the meridional temperature gradient in the upper troposphere are well simulated by two models.However,both models underestimate the EASWJ intensity in winter and summer,and are unable to simulate the bimodal distribution of the ma- jor EASWJ centers in mid-summer,relative to the observation,especially for the SAMIL model.The biases in the simulated EASWJ intensity are found to be associated with the biases of the meridional temperature gradients in the troposphere,and furthermore with the surface sensible heat flux and condensation latent heating.The models capture the major characteristics of the seasonal evolution of the diabatic heating rate averaged between 30°-45°N,and its association with the westerly jet.However,the simulated maximum diabatic heating rate in summer is located westward in comparison with the observed position,with a rela- tively strong diabatic heating intensity,especially in GAMIL.The biases in simulating the diabatic heating fields lead to the biases in simulating the temperature distribution in the upper troposphere,which may further affect the EASWJ simulations.Therefore,it is necessary to improve the simulation of the meridional temperature gradient as well as the diabatic heating field in the troposphere for the improvement of the EASWJ simulation by GAMIL and SAMIL models.     

长江下游夏季降水与东亚夏季风及春季太平洋海温的关系

利用NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料、NOAA月平均海表温度资料及中国站点逐日降水资料,研究了长江下游夏季降水、东亚夏季风(区分南海热带夏季风和副热带夏季风)及春季太平洋海温之间的关系。结果表明,南海夏季风强度与长江下游夏季降水量呈反相关,而副热带夏季风强度与长江下游夏季降水量呈正相关;春季赤道东太平洋海温与当年长江下游夏季降水存在正相关,是夏季长江下游夏季降水变化趋势的较好前期预测信号;南海夏季风和副热带夏季风强度对春季赤道东太平洋海温异常的响应是相反的。     

Characteristics of Subtropical Monsoon and Rainfall over Eastern China and Western North Pacific

Using the NCAR/NCEP (National Center for Atmospheric Research/National Centers for Environmental Prediction) reanalysis and the NOAA Climate Prediction Center's merged analysis of precipitation (CMAP)during 1981-2000, we investigated the seasonal evolution of the southwesterly wind and associated precipitation over the eastern China-subtropical western North Pacific area and its relationship with the tropical monsoon and rainfall, and analyzed the reasons responsible for the onset and development of the wind. It was found that the persistent southwesterly wind appears over southern China and the subtropical western Pacific the earliest in early spring, and then expands southwards to the tropics and advances northward to the midlatitudes. From winter to summer, the seasonal variation of surface heating over western China and the subtropical western Pacific may result in an earlier reversal of the westward tropospheric temperature gradient over the subtropics relative to the tropics, which may contribute to the earliest beginning of the subtropical southwesterly wind. Additionally, the strengthening and eastward expanding of the trough near the eastern Tibetan Plateau as well as the strengthening and westward moving of the western Pacific subtropical high also exert positive influences on the beginning and development of the subtropical southwesterly wind.In early summer,the northward expansion of the southwesterly wind over southern China is associated with a northward shift of the subtropical high, while the southward stretch of the southwesterly wind is associated with a southward stretch of the trough in the eastern side of the plateau. With the beginning and northward expansion of the subtropical southwesterly wind (namely southwest monsoon), convergences of the low-level air and water vapor and associated upward motion in front of the strongest southwesterly wind core also strengthen and move northward, leading to an increase in rainfall intensity and a northward shift of the rain belt. Accordingly, the subtropical rainy season occurs the earliest over southern China in spring, moves northward to the Yangtze-Huaihe River valley in early summer, and arrives in North China in mid summer.Compared with the subtropical rainy season, the tropical rainy season begins later and stays mainly over the tropics, not pronouncedly moving into the subtropics. Clearly, the Meiyu rainfall over the Yangtze-Huaihe River valley in early summer results from a northward shift of the spring rain belt over southern China,instead of a northward shift of the tropical monsoon rain belt. Before the onset of the tropical monsoon,water vapor over the subtropical monsoon region comes mainly from the coasts of the northern Indo-China Peninsula and southern China. After the onset, one branch of the water vapor flow comes from the Bay of Bengal, entering into eastern China and the subtropical western Pacific via southwestern China and the South China Sea, and another branch comes from the tropical western North Pacific, moving northwestward along the west edge of the western Pacific subtropical high and entering into the subtropics.     

春季中国东海黑潮区大气热源异常对中国东部降水的影响

采用ERA-interim逐日再分析数据集与中国东部389个站逐日降水资料,通过相关和合成分析讨论了不同时间尺度上,春季中国东海黑潮区上空大气热源异常对东亚大气环流和中国东部降水的影响。观测分析表明,春季中国东海黑潮区上空为一显著的大气热源,大气对该热源的响应在不同时间尺度上表现出不同的形式。在较长时间的季节和年际尺度上,春季中国东海黑潮区大气热源增强时,可在大气对流层低层强迫出偏南气流,同期春季及后期夏季西太平洋副热带高压增强并西伸,相比于热源低值年西北太平洋副热带地区为一反气旋式异常环流所控制,中国长江中下游以南地区降水增多;反之亦然。与年际和季节时间尺度不同,在较短的天气时间尺度上,中国东海黑潮区上空大气热源增强可在其下方强迫出气旋式异常环流。大气热源的增强与中国东部对流层低层气旋式异常环流的东移有关,相应地在中国东部地区出现了显著的降水增多。     

2003年夏季异常天气与西太副高和南亚高压演变特征的分析

通过入梅前后东亚环流与多年平均的对比,表明2003年夏季我国东部旱涝分明、长江以南高温少雨、淮河流域持续多雨、强降水过程频繁等特点是与西太平洋副热带高压(下称西太副高)活动特征有关。该年副高偏强、位置异常偏西,垂直结构呈现较强的动力性特征,即低层为辐散下沉运动、高层为辐合,脊线随高度向北倾斜。副高西北侧的梅雨锋区强,且风切变明显。动力和热力诊断结果表明,200 hPa南亚高压脊线以北东传的负涡度平流产生的辐合下沉运动,有利于对流层中下层副高的加强西伸。500 hPa副高西北侧的雨带位置与对流层上层副热带急流的位置和东伸的南亚高压对应。高层西风带和南亚高压的动力作用也会引发副高短期的东西振荡。降水区对流层高层产生的潜热释放,使副高西北侧加热率垂直方向的非均匀分布增加,导致了副高加强西进。热带天气系统的活动,对副高维持和加强也有不可忽视的作用。正是西风带、副热带和热带系统相互作用,动力和热力因素的综合影响,造成了该年副高及其所带来的天气异常。     

北太平洋风暴轴的气候特征及其变化的初步研究

本文使用ECMWF再分析网格点资料(ERA-40),分析了不同季节和不同高度层上北太平洋风暴轴(天气尺度瞬变扰动活动)的气候特征及其时间演变规律。分析表明,气候平均而言,北太平洋风暴轴冬季强且偏西南,夏季弱且偏东北。在近45 a里,冬季及夏季风暴轴在整个对流层、尤其是对流层中上层具有整体一致的年际和年代际变化特征。在各个高度层上冬季风暴轴于1985年前后一致性地发生了由弱至强的年代际跃变;夏季风暴轴发生年代际由弱至强跃变的时间在各个高度层上略有不同,对流层中高层的跃变时间与北太平洋大气海洋系统1970年代的跃变时间一致。在冬季风暴轴活动偏强年里,中纬度天气尺度瞬变扰动增强的同时,位置也有所北抬,反之亦然。夏季风暴轴活动偏强(弱)年则主要表现为瞬变扰动在气候平均位置上的增强(减弱)。     

Onset of southwesterly wind over eastern China and associated atmospheric circulation and rainfall

Using the 5-day averaged data from the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis, and precipitation from rain gauge stations in China for the period 1981–2000, we investigated seasonal variations and associated atmospheric circulation and precipitation of the southwesterly wind over eastern China. The southwesterly wind over eastern China begins earliest over southeastern China and strengthens gradually from spring to the early summer, as it extends northward. The strengthening of the spring southwesterly wind, the tropospheric upward motion, and the convergence of low-level water vapor over southeastern China results in the beginning of the local rainy season. The beginning of the Mei-yu (Plum rainfall) is connected with the northward march of the southwesterly wind. The southwesterly wind reaches the valley of the Yangtze River in the early summer and northern China in the middle summer. This signifies an onset of the large-scale southwesterly wind over eastern China. Accordingly, the rain belt over southeastern China moves to the valley of the Yangtze River in the early summer and to northern China in the middle summer. Moreover, the southerly wind extends southward to the South China Sea from the spring to summer, though it does not stretch from the South China Sea to southeastern China at those times. The strengthening of the southerly wind over southeastern China is associated with a weakening/strengthening of the eastward/westward subtropical tropospheric temperature gradient between southwestern China and the western North Pacific. The developments of a low-pressure system over southwestern China and the subtropical high-pressure system over the western North Pacific may contribute to the strengthening of the southwesterly wind. A northward advance of the high-pressure system favors the southwesterly wind stretching from southeastern China to northern China. The onset of the Indian summer monsoon also strengthens the summer southwesterly wind over eastern China.     

Simulations of the 100-hPa South Asian High and Precipitation over East Asia with IPCC Coupled GCMs

The South Asian High (SAH) and precipitation over East Asia simulated by 11 coupled GCMs associated with the forthcoming Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) 4th Assessment Report are evaluated. The seasonal behavior of the SAH is presented for each model. Analyses of the results show that all models are able to reproduce the seasonal cycle of the SAH. Locations of the SAH center are also basically reproduced by these models. All models underestimate the intensity and the extension of coverage in summer. The anomalous SAH can be divided into east and west modes according to its longitudinal position in summer on the interannual timescale, and the composite anomalies of the observed precipitation for these two modes tend to have opposite signs over East Asia. However, only several coupled GCMs can simulate the relationship between rainfall and SAH similar to the observed one, which may be associated with the bias in simulation of the subtropical anticyclone over the West Pacific (SAWP) at 500 hPa. In fact, it is found that any coupled GCM, that can reproduce the reasonable summer mean state of SAWP and the southward (northward) withdrawal (extension) for the east (west) mode of SAH as compared to the observed, will also simulate similar rainfall anomaly patterns for the east and west SAH modes over East Asia. Further analysis indicates that the observed variations in the SAH, SAWP and rainfall are closely related to the sea surface temperature (SST) over the equatorial tropical Pacific. Particularly, some models cannot simulate the SAWP extending northward in the west mode and withdrawing southward in the east mode, which may be related to weak major El Ni?no or La Ni?na events. The abilities of the coupled GCMs to simulate the SAWP and ENSO events are associated partly with their ability to reproduce the observed relationship between SAH and the rainfall anomaly over East Asia.     

亚洲-太平洋大气主模态与东亚副热带夏季风年代际变化关系

基于1950～2005年NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,利用REOF方法提取了亚洲-北太平洋地区低层大气的主要模态,着重研究分析了亚洲-北太平洋地区低层大气耦合模态的年代际变化特征及其与东亚夏季风的年代际变化关系。结果表明:①夏季亚洲-北太平洋大气主要耦合变化型反映了蒙古低压和北太平洋高压之间的变化关系。它们之间的耦合变化主要表现为年代际的变化特征,在20世纪50年代到60年代中期为负位相,即蒙古低压中心值相对较低,北太平洋副高中心值相对较高,60年代中期到70年代中期耦合变化处在正负交替的过程,70年代中期以后,耦合模态为一致的正位相,即蒙古低压中心值相对较高,北太平洋副高中心值相对较低。②蒙古低压和北太平洋副热带高压之间的耦合变化与东亚副热带夏季风风场强度的年代际变化有显著的负相关关系,当蒙古低压和北太平洋副高之间的耦合变化处于负位相时期,东亚副热带季风偏强,耦合变化处于正位相时期则相反,即东亚副热带季风偏弱。     

1999年北半球大气环流特征及其影响

１９９９年北半球主要环流特征为：５００ｈｐａ西太平洋副热带高压较常所明显偏弱,春、夏季副高位置异常偏东;东亚地区夏季５００ｈｐａ位势高度距平场上表现为北高南低,大陆高压较强。亚洲中纬度经、纬向环流交替出现,阶段性明显;冬季冷空气异常偏弱,东亚夏季风加强。冬、春季热带对流活动强盛,入夏以后迅速减弱。在Ｌa－ｎｉｎａ和大气 环流的共同影响下我国天气气候发生了明显异常。     

A summer teleconnection pattern over the extratropical Northern Hemisphere and associated mechanisms

Using monthly data from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast 40-year reanalysis (ERA-40), we have revealed a teleconnection pattern over the extratropical Northern Hemisphere through the empirical orthogonal function analysis of summer upper-tropospheric eddy temperature. When temperature is higher (lower) over the Eastern Hemisphere (EH), it is lower (higher) over the Western Hemisphere (WH). The teleconnection manifested by this out-of-phase relationship is referred to as the Asian–Pacific oscillation (APO). The values of an index measuring the teleconnection are high before 1976 and low afterwards, showing a downward trend of the stationary wave at a rate of 4% per year during 1958–2001. The index also exhibits apparent interannual variations. When the APO index is high, anomalous upper-tropospheric highs (lows) appear over EH (WH). The formation of APO is likely associated with a zonal vertical circulation in the troposphere. Unforced control runs of both the NCAR Community Atmospheric Model version 3 and the Community Climate System Model version 3 capture the major characteristics of the teleconnection pattern and its associated vertical structure. The APO variability is closely associated with sea surface temperature (SST) in the Pacific, with a significantly positive correlation between APO and SST in the extratropical North Pacific and a significantly negative correlation in the tropical eastern Pacific. Sensitivity experiments show that the anomalies of SST over these two regions influence the APO intensity, but their effects are opposite to each other. Compared to the observation, the positive and negative anomalous centers of the extratropical tropospheric temperature triggered by the SST anomalies have a smaller spatial scale.