Magmatic processes and mixing origin of andesite: Miocene Karamağara volcanics,Central Anatolia,Turkey

The Miocene Karamağara volcanics (KMV) crop out in the Saraykent region (Yozgat) of Central Anatolia. The KMV include four principal magmatic components based on their petrography and compositional features: basaltic andesites (KMB); enclaves (KME); andesites (KMA); and dacites (KMD). Rounded and ellipsoidal enclaves occur in the andesites, ranging in diameter from a few millimetres to ten centimetres. A non‐cognate origin for the enclaves is suggested due to their mineralogical dissimilarity to the enclosing andesites. The enclaves range in composition from basaltic andesite to andesite. Major and trace element data and primitive mantle‐normalized rare‐earth element (REE) patterns of the KMV exhibit the effects of fractional crystallization on the evolution of the KME which are the product of mantle‐derived magma. The KMA contain a wide variety of phenocrysts, including plagioclase, clinopyroxene, orthopyroxene, hornblende and opaque minerals. Comparison of textures indicates that many of the hornblende phenocrysts within the KMA were derived from basaltic andesites (KMB) and are not primary crystallization products of the KMA. Evidence of disequilibrium in the hybrid andesite includes the presence of reacted hornblendes, clinopyroxene mantled by orthopyroxene and vice versa, and sieve‐texture and inclusion zones within plagioclase. The KMV exhibit a complex history, including fractional crystallization, magma mixing and mingling processes between mantle and crust‐derived melts. Textural and geochemical characteristics of the enclaves and their hosts require that mantle‐derived basic magma intruded the deep continental crust followed by fractional crystallization and generation of silicic melts from the continental material. Hybridization between basic and silicic melts subsequently occurred in a shallow magma chamber. Modelling of major element geochemistry suggests that the hybrid andesite represents a 62:38 mix of dacite and basaltic andesite. The implication of this process is that calc‐alkaline intermediate volcanic rocks in the Saraykent region represent hybrids resulting from mixing between basic magma derived from the mantle and silicic magma derived from the continental crust. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

疏散星团M11的研究:3.团星分布的两点相关函数分析

本文首次利用两点相关函数，对著名中年疏散星团M11团星的空间分布进行了讨论．结果表明，无论对全部成员星还是不同星等的成员星，它们的自相关和交叉相关函数都能很好地以幂律形式描述．不同星等成员星的自相关和交叉相关计算表明，M11已经历了一定的动力学弛豫，出现了质量的空间分层效应．     

Geochemical and mantle-like isotopic (Nd, Sr) composition of the Baklan Granite from the Muratdağı Region (Banaz, Uşak), western Turkey: Implications for input of juvenile magmas in the source domains of western Anatolia Eocene–Miocene granites

The (late syn)- post-collisional magmatic activities of western and northwestern Anatolia are characterized by intrusion of a great number of granitoids. Amongst them, Baklan Granite, located in the southern part of the Muratdağı Region from the Menderes Massif (Banaz, Uşak), has peculiar chemical and isotopic characteristics. The Baklan rocks are made up by K-feldspar, plagioclase, quartz, biotite and hornblende, with accessory apatite, titanite and magnetite, and include mafic microgranular enclaves (MME). Chemically, the Baklan intrusion is of sub-alkaline character, belongs to the high-K, calc-alkaline series and displays features of I-type affinity. It is typically metaluminous to mildly peraluminous, and classified predominantly as granodiorite in composition. The spider and REE patterns show that the rocks are fractionated and have small negative Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu^* = 0.62–0.86), with the depletion of Nb, Ti, P and, to a lesser extent, Ba and Sr. The pluton was dated by the K–Ar method on the whole-rock, yielded ages between 17.8 ± 0.7 and 19.4 ± 0.9 Ma (Early Miocene). The intrusion possesses primitive low initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.70331–0.70452) and negative ε_Nd(t) values (−5.0 to −5.6). The chemical contrast between evolved Baklan rocks (SiO₂, 62–71 wt.%; Cr, 7–27 ppm; Ni, 5–11 ppm; Mg#, 45–51) and more primitive clinopyroxene-bearing monzonitic enclaves (SiO₂, 54–59 wt.%; Cr, 20–310 ppm; Ni, 10–70 ppm; Mg#, 50–61) signifies that there is no co-genetic link between host granite and enclaves. The chemical and isotopic characteristics of the Baklan intrusion argue for an important role of a juvenile component, such as underplated mantle-derived basalt, in the generation of the granitoids. Crustal contamination has not contributed significantly to their origin. However, with respect to those of the Baklan intrusion, the generation of the (late syn)- post-collisional intrusions with higher Nd(t) values from the western Anatolia require a much higher amount of juvenil component in their source domains.     

Induction of female‐to‐male sex change in a large protogynous fish,Choerodon schoenleinii

Most behavioral studies on hermaphroditic fishes have focused on small‐sized species, which are tractable for research. Although many species of large hermaphroditic fishes are important fishery resources, their proximate mechanisms (visual, chemical and/or behavioral cues) in the social regulation of sex change have not been determined. Determination of these would inform resource management and aquaculture. In order to get closer to understanding the proximate mechanisms underlying the social regulation of female‐to‐male sex change in large hermaphroditic fishes, this study reports situations that induced female‐to‐male sex change in black‐spot tuskfish, Choerodon schoenleinii, a species of large protogynous fish, in massive laboratory tanks. The situations differed in the possibility of male‐to‐female tactile contact and in the group sex ratio, enabling us to infer plausible proximate mechanisms underlying sex change induction. Tactile contact between individuals is suspected to be closely related to the incidence of female‐to‐male sex change in C. schoenleinii. Visual and chemical cues alone may be insufficient to inhibit such sex changes. Male‐to‐female tactile contact may have an important influence on female‐to‐male sex change, i.e., inhibition of this sex change, in this species. The effect of sex ratio of a social group on the incidence of sex change may be due to the relative frequency and intensity of male tactile contact with each female, which may vary with the number of females. In the absence of a dominant male, tactile contact among females may affect the incidence of sex change, as well as determine which individuals change sex.     

A hydro‐economic modelling framework for flood damage estimation and the role of riparian vegetation

A modelling framework for the quick estimate of flood inundation and the resultant damages is developed in this paper. The model, called the flood economic impact analysis system (FEIAS), can be applied to a river reach of any hydrogeological river basin. For the development of the integrated modelling framework, three models were employed: (1) a modelling scheme based on the Hydrological Simulation Program FORTRAN model that was developed for any geomorphological river basin, (2) a river flow/floodplain model, and (3) a flood loss estimation model. The first sub‐model of the flood economic impact analysis system simulates the hydrological processes for extended periods of time, and its output is used as input to a second component, the river/floodplain model. The hydraulic model MIKE 11 (quasi‐2D) is the river/floodplain model employed in this study. The simulated flood parameters from the hydraulic model MIKE 11 (quasi‐2D) are passed, at the end of each time step, to a third component, the flood loss model for the estimation of flood damage. In the present work, emphasis was given to the seasonal variation of Manning's coefficient (n), which is an important parameter for the determination of the flood inundation in hydraulic modelling. High values of Manning's coefficient for a channel indicate high flow resistance. The riparian vegetation can have a large impact on channel resistance. The modelling framework developed in this paper was used to investigate the role of riparian vegetation in reducing flood damage. Moreover, it was used to investigate the influence of cutting riparian vegetation scenarios on the flow characteristics. The proposed framework was applied to the downstream part of the Koiliaris River basin in Crete, Greece, and was tested and validated with historical data. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

日本3·11大震前后首都圈地区跨断层水准的变形特征及成因探讨

以跨断层水准实测资料为基础,分析2011-03-11日本东部Mw9.0大震前后首都圈地区(114°~119°E,39°~41°N)地壳垂向变形特征。通过构建首都圈地区三维有限元模型,初步探讨跨越不同几何结构断层的测线所表现出的变形特征的动力学成因。结果表明:1)首都圈地区跨断层水准资料表现出群体性变形特征,反映相同的断层运动性质;2)NNE-NE向断层的上盘相对下盘垂向下降,NW向断层上盘相对下盘同样垂向下降,表征着首都圈地区NNE-NE、NW向断层受到不同程度的张性应力作用;3)数值模拟给出的不同方向跨断层测线的垂向变化结果同样表现出与实测结果较为一致的断层正断运动性质,即断层上盘相对下盘垂向下降;4)日本Mw9.0大震造成首都圈地区近E-W向的张性应力是产生首都圈地区跨断层水准资料群体性变化的主要原因。     

中尺度涡旋混合参数空间变化对物理场以及CFC-11模拟的影响

本文选用中国科学院大气物理研究所全球海洋模式(LICOM),对中尺度涡旋参数化方案(GM90方案)中等密度扩散系数和等密度面厚度扩散系数(统称为涡旋扩散系数A_ρ)对物理场及CFC-11(一氟三氯甲烷)分布的影响进行了研究。本文做了两个试验,即涡旋扩散系数采用常系数方式(对照试验)和采用在非绝热层以下A_ρ随海洋浮力频率垂直变化的参数化方案(浮力试验)。模拟结果表明,依浮力频率垂直变化的方案对模式物理场的模拟能力有一定程度的提升,如南极绕极流的输送强度比常系数方案增大了约20%~30%,与观测事实更接近;浮力试验对对照试验中过强的南极中层水有一定的削弱作用,使得模式对南大洋高纬次表层位密度的模拟有一定的改善。稍有不足的是,浮力试验对南极底层水也有一定的削弱,使得2000~3000 m深度位密度模拟较常系数方案偏低。通过对CFC-11分布、存储以及输送的研究发现,次网格参数取值的不同对南大洋CFC-11模拟情况有较大影响。浮力试验加大了南北高纬CFC-11海表的吸收通量,对南极大陆周边海域向南大洋主储藏区(34°S~60°S)的CFC-11输送能力有一定的增强,使得南大洋对CFC-11储藏量增大,大部分海区与观测资料更接近。通过CFC-11断面分析,浮力试验对南大洋上层海洋位密度模拟的改善使得CFC-11垂直结构与观测更接近。     

中国大陆MS≥7.0地震与太阳黑子活动之间关系的统计检验

利用1900—2017年间中国大陆地区64次M_S≥7.0地震资料,根据太阳黑子11年周期变化计算了它们的相位角,分析了它们的相位角分布,利用统计检验方法对它们与太阳黑子11年周期变化之间的关系进行了检验。结果是:中国大陆地区M_S≥7.0地震中约66%发生在太阳黑子11年周期变化的谷值点前2年—后3年的时段内,在α=0.001显著性水平下通过显著性检验。2019年底太阳黑子11年周期变化将达谷值点,因此,2018—2022年为中国大陆地区M_S7.0地震易发时段。      

Influence of the 11-Year Solar Cycle on Variations of Cosmic Ray Intensity

The monthly cosmic ray intensity (CRI) time series from Climax, Huancayo, Moscow, Kiel, and Calgary are used to investigate the presence of the 11-year periodic component with special attention paid to the solar influence on these variations. The results show obvious 11-year temporal characteristics in CRI variations. We also find a close anticorrelation between the 11-year solar cycle and CRI variations and time delays of the CRI relative to solar activity.     

差示FT-Raman和11B NMR方法研究过饱和镁硼酸盐的溶液结构

用差示FT -Raman和11BNMR光谱研究了MgB6O10 ·7 5H2 O、MgB4O7·9H2 O、Mg2 B6O10 ·1 5H2 O三种镁硼酸盐饱和和过饱和溶液的结构机理 ,其结果表明饱和溶液和过饱和溶液中均存在B(OH) 3 、B(OH) -4、B3 O3 (OH) -4、B5O6(OH) 4 -粒子。镁硼酸盐的结晶过程是一个复杂的动力学平衡过程