THE STUDY OF STORM RAINFALL CAUSED BY INTERACTION BETWEEN THE NON-ZONAL HIGH LEVEL JET STREAK AND TYPHOON IN THE DISTANCE

In this paper, statistics were analyzed concerning correlation between the storm rainfall far from typhoon and non-zonal upper-level jet stream. The results show that the jet stream at 200 hPa is constantly SW (90.2 %) during the period in which storm rainfall occurs. Rainfall area lies in the right rear regions of the jet axes. While the storm intensifies, the jet tends to be stronger and turn non-zonal. With the MM4 model, numerical simulation and diagnosis were carried out for Typhoon No.9711 (Winnie) on August 19 to 20, 1997. The distant storm rainfall is tightly correlative to the jet and low-level typhoon trough. The divergence field of jet is related to the v component. The upper level can cause the allobaric wind convergence at low level. This is the result of the form of low-level typhoon trough and the strength of the storm. By scale analysis, it is found that there is a branch of middle scale transverse inverse circulation in the right entrance regions behind the jet below the 300-hPa level, which is very important to the maintenance and strengthening of storm rainfall. This branch of inverse circulation is relative to the reinforcement of jet's non-zonal characteristics. From the field of mesoscale divergence field and non-zonal wind field, we know that the stronger symmetry caused by transverse circulation in the two sides of the jet, rainfall’s feedback and reinforcement of jet’s non-zonal characteristics had lead to positive feedback mechanism that was favorable of storm rainfall’s strengthening.     

对流性强风暴系统的螺旋度动力学研究

利用风暴尺度的数值模式ＡＲＰＳ成功地模拟了１９７７年５月２０日在美国Ｏｋｌａｈｏｍａ州Ｄｅｌ Ｃｉｔｙ的一次强对流风暴过程。其模拟结果与实际的观测非常接近，模式积分 ４０分钟，初始对流单体发生了分裂，产生了新的对流单体。原有对流单体在原地维持成熟的结构，表现出较强的稳定性，而分裂出的新单体在移动过程中，逐渐向成熟位相发展，并且又分裂出新的单体。利用模拟结果，着重讨论了风暴发展过程中螺旋度和超螺旋度的空间结构和时间演变特征，以及在强风暴系统的对流发展过程中的动力学作用。初始环境场的螺旋性结构有利于风暴的发展。在风暴发展阶段，低螺旋度有利于大尺度向对流尺度的能量串级，而在风暴成熟阶段，高螺旋度则有利于对流单体的能量维持，从而形成长生命周期的对流系统。在风暴的发展过程中，风暴流场结构具有向Ｂｅｌｔｒａｍｉ流结构的调整趋势，螺旋度向高值发展。超螺旋度在流体粘性作用的影响下，可反映出螺旋度密度空间积分的时间变化趋势，负的超螺旋度可使螺旋度增加。在对流风暴发展阶段，超螺旋度为负值，对流单体的结构螺旋性增强、螺旋度的增大，在风暴到达成熟阶段后，超螺旋度转为正值。因此，超螺旋度可用来标志对流风暴系统的成熟程度。     

1998年5月磁暴磁层电流体系的地磁效应分析

低纬度地区地磁场的短时变化主要由以下电流体系产生:电离层发电机电流(IDC)、对称环电流(SRC)以及由部分环电流和Ⅱ区场向电流及其电离层回路组成的内磁层三维电流体系(PRFI).此外,由Ⅰ区场向电流及其电离层回路组成的电流体系(FACI)所产生的低纬地磁场也是不可忽略的.本文针对1998年5月1-6日的大磁暴,首先利用多个同子午线台站对的数据分离并消去由IDC电流产生的Sq场.然后,通过线性建模分离其他电流体系产生的磁场成分.结果表明:(1)发生在5月1-6日的磁暴可以分为两个过程,PRFI和FACI电流体系在1-3日不明显,在4-5日伴随着亚暴强烈发生.(2)SRC的变化情况在第一阶段同Dst指数相似,在第二阶段明显滞后于Dst指数.(3)在5月4-5日,PRFI在SRC之前增强,随着PRFI和FACI的恢复,SRC开始增强.这一结果为我们了解环电流和场向电流的形成以及它们的关系提供线索.     

Sand-dust storms in China: temporal-spatial distribution and tracks of source lands

1 IntroductionSand-dust storms include both sand storms and dust storms[1]. When the visibility in local areas is greater than or equal to 50 m but less than 200 m, they are called severe sand-dust storms. When extremely severe sand-dust storm, the most severest type of sand-dust storm, occurs, the local instantaneous maximum wind speed can be greater than 25 m/s and a local visibility be less than 50 m or even descend to 0 m[2].Sand-dust storm is a critical environmental problem and is also a…     

99洪水和对进一步治理太湖的探讨

1999年太湖流域发生了特大洪水,太湖最高洪水位达5.08m,创历史新高.文中分析了1999年洪水的雨情、水情及其特点.阐述了已建治理太湖工程的防洪作用和减灾效益,并对太湖流域的进一步治理作了探讨.     

Storm deposits and storm-generated coarse carbonate breccias on a pelagic outer shelf (South-East Basin, France)

Uppermost Jurassic limestones of the South‐East Basin (France) are organized into four facies associations that were deposited in four distinct zones: (1) peritidal lagoonal limestones; (2) bioclastic and reefal limestones; (3) pelagic lime mudstones; (4) lime mudstones/calcarenites/coarse breccias. Calcarenite deposits of zone 4 exhibit sedimentary structures that are diagnostic of deposition under wave‐induced combined flow. In subzone 4a, both vertical and lateral transitions from lime mudstone/calcarenite to breccia indicate in situ brecciation under wave‐cyclic loading. Breccias were produced by heterogeneous liquefaction of material previously deposited on the sea floor. Deposits in subzone 4a record relatively long periods (>400 kyr) of sedimentation below wave base, alternating with periods of deposition under wave‐induced currents and periods of in situ deformation. In this zone, storm waves were attenuated by wave–sediment interaction, and wave energy was absorbed by the deformation of soft sediment. With reference to present‐day wave attenuation, water depths in this zone ranged between 50 and 80 m. Landwards of the attenuation zone, in zone 3, storm waves were reduced to fair‐weather wave heights. Storm wave base was not horizontal and became shallower landwards. As a consequence, water depth and wave energy were not linearly related. On a small area of the seaward edge of subzone 4a, cobbles were removed by traction currents and redeposited in subzone 4b. There, they formed a 100‐m‐thick wedge, which prograded over 3 km and was built up by the stacking of 5‐ to 20‐m‐thick cross‐stratified sets of coarse breccia. This wedge records the transport and redeposition of cobbles by a high‐velocity unidirectional component of a combined flow. The increase in flow velocity in a restricted area is proposed to result from flow concentration in a channel‐like structure of the downwelling in the gulf formed by the basin. In more distal subzone 4c, the hydrodynamic effect of wave‐induced currents was quasi‐permanent, and brecciation by wave–sediment interaction occurred only episodically. This indicates that, seawards of the attenuation zone, hydrodynamic storm wave base was deeper than mechanical storm wave base. Uppermost Jurassic carbonates were deposited and soft‐sediment deformed on a hurricane‐dominated ramp of very gentle slope and characterized by a zone of storm wave degeneration, located seawards of a zone of sedimentation below wave base.     

平凉“95．7．19”强对流风暴分析

分析具有代表性的平凉局地强对流风暴过程，揭示了平凉发生强对流天气独特的地形因素。     

加拿大东海岸冬季风暴的分析

利用加拿大大气环境局第二次冬季风暴观测（简称ＣＡＳＰⅡ）的部分资料，对加拿在东海岸冬季风暴的发生，发展情况进行了分析，结果表明，大多数风暴能达到爆发性发展程度，并对其中一个形成眼区的强风暴例子做了进一步讨论。     

逐步带逼近法在热带所旋路径预报中的应用

通过对逐步逼近法１９９５年试验情况与国内外预报台的综合预报以及与国内一些客观预报方法的比较分析，总结出该方法对移动路径明显转折的热带气旋有较好的预报能力，４８小时平均误差达到３００ｋｍ以内，特别是当热带气旋的移速发生明显变化时，该方法较之其它客观方法有明显的优越性。     

中国西北地区1993年5月5日黑风暴的机理探讨

该文用天气学、诊断分析方法对1993年5月5日我国西部地区黑风暴天气过程的发生发展及形成机理进行研究。结果表明，这次黑风暴是由强寒潮爆发，在特定季节（春季）和裸露、疏松的下垫面（沙漠、戈壁）条件下形成的中尺度现象。在对流层中低层垂直方向上存在很强的风切变，利于湍流发展；非地转强迫作用对次级环流贡献大于地转强迫作用；黑风暴前后显著的辐射加热不均匀分布所形成的热力正反馈作用，造成近地层局地锋生，并使热力正环流大大加强。