冬季太平洋SSTA对北太平洋风暴轴年际变化的影响

研究了冬季北太平洋风暴轴的年际异常及其与500hPa高度以及热带和北太平洋海温的联系。结果发现，冬季北太平洋风暴轴中心有线性增强、偏北、偏东的趋势。对15个冬季北太平洋风暴轴区域 500 hPa天气尺度滤波位势高度方差与同期热带和北太平洋海温的 SVD分析表明，第一对空间典型分布反映了 ENSO区海温异常对风暴轴年际变化的影响，而第二对空间典型分布反映了黑潮区域海温异常对风暴轴年际变化的影响。进一步的合成分析显示，ENSO区海温异常可以通过激发500hPa高度场上的PNA遥相关型影响冬季北太平洋风暴轴的东西摆动和中、东端的强度变化，而黑潮区域海温异常则通过激发 500 hPa高度场上的 WP遥相关型，主要影响冬季北太平洋风暴轴中、西端的强度变化和南北位移。     

冬季西北太平洋海表温度异常对太平洋风暴轴影响的数值试验

采用Ｔ２１Ｌ５大气环流模式，详细探讨了冬季西北太平洋海表温度异常对太平洋风暴轴的影响。结果表明：冬季西北太平洋暖海表温度异常能显著增强异常区北侧及下游地区的斜压性，天气尺度扰动方差、扰动动能以及涡动热量通量等也在此风暴轴入口区得到增强，由此揭示出外热源强迫对太平洋风暴轴的维持和发展起重要作用。     

冬季赤道西太平洋海温异常对太平洋风暴轴影响的数值试验

采用Ｔ４２Ｌ９大气环流模式,研究了冬季赤道西太平洋海表温度异常对太平洋风暴轴的影响。结果表明：冬季赤道西太洋正ＳＳＴＡ能显著增强风暴轴区域在气尺度扰动的强度,与风暴轴发展有关的涡动热量通量和动量通量也在风暴轴的入口区得的增强。     

冬季北太平洋风暴轴的年际变化及其与500hPa高度以及热带和北太平洋海温的联系

文中研究了冬季北太平洋风暴轴的年际异常及其与500hPa高度以及热带和北太平洋海温的联系。结果发现,各年冬季北太平洋风暴轴的中心强度和位置具有显著的年际差异。对15个冬季北太平洋风暴轴区域500hPa天气尺度滤波位势高度方差与热带和北太平洋海温的SVD分析表明,第一对空间典型分布反映了赤道中、东太平洋区域海温异常对风暴轴年际变化的影响,而第二对空间典型分布反映了黑潮区域海温异常对风暴轴年际变化的影响。进一步的合成分析显示,赤道中、东太平洋区域海温异常主要影响冬季北太平洋风暴轴的东西摆动和中、东端的强度变化,而黑潮区域海温异常则主要影响冬季北太平洋风暴轴中、西端的强度变化和南北位移。并且这种影响分别与500hPa高度场上的PNA遥相关型和WP遥相关型有密切联系。     

冬季黑潮区域海温异常对北太平洋风暴轴的影响

该文对15个冬季北太平洋风暴轴区域500 hPa天气尺度滤波位势高度方差与北太平洋海表温度进行了奇异值分解 (SVD) 分析.结果表明, SVD得到的第二对空间典型分布反映了冬季黑潮区域的海温异常与风暴轴的异常变化密切相关.进一步的分析显示, 黑潮区域海温异常可能通过加强风暴轴入口区的斜压性, 激发或加强500 hPa高度场上的WP遥相关型, 主要影响冬季北太平洋风暴轴在入口区的强度变化和南北位移.     

北半球风暴轴的时间演变特性

对５００ｈＰａ位势高度场逐日资料进行带通滤波分析，从而确定了风暴轴各月平均的强度和位置，分析了风暴轴和同一层次急流的时间演变特征以及它们之间的关系。结果表明：太平洋和大西洋风暴轴的强度和摆动都存在着明显的月际变化，即夏季强度最弱，位置偏北；冬季强度最强，位置偏南。在大多数情况下，风暴轴位于急流极大值下游向极地一侧。还发现，急流核和风暴轴都存在断裂现象，在太平洋上，风暴轴还出现双中心现象。     

北半球风暴轴的时间演变特征

对５００ｈＰａ位势高度场逐日资料进行带通滤波分析，从而确定了风暴轴各月平均的强度和位置，分析了风暴轴和同一层次急流的时间演变特征以及它们之间的关系。结果表明：太平洋和大西洋风暴轴的强度和摆动都存在着明显的月际变化，即夏季强度最弱，位置偏北；冬季强度最强，位置偏南。在大多数情况下，风暴轴位于急流极大值下游向极地一侧。还发现，急流核和风暴轴都存在断裂现象，在太平洋上，风暴轴还出现双中心现象。     

冬季太平洋SST异常对风暴轴和急流的影响

利用观测资料分析了冬季太平洋表温度异常对风暴轴和急流的影响。结果表明：在冬季黑潮区域正ＳＳＴ异常进,风暴轴和急流均明显北移,并且风暴辆的强度在入口区显著增强,急流核的中心强度却变化不大;而在冬季赤道中,东太平洋地区正ＳＳＴ异常时,风暴轴和急流主要向东南方向明显扩展,强度也在太平洋中东部显著增强,但急流核的中心强度同样变化不大。     

冬季欧亚积雪异常对北太平洋风暴轴的影响

通过对23个冬季,欧亚积雪与北太平洋风暴轴区域500 hPa天气尺度滤波位势高度方差进行奇异值分解(SVD)、相关分析和合成分析,研究了冬季欧亚积雪异常对北太平洋风暴轴的影响.结果表明,冬季欧亚积雪面积正异常时,北太平洋风暴轴主体位置南压,并且中心强度减弱;积雪面积负异常时,结果相反.进一步的分析显示,欧亚雪盖面积异常所导致的冷却效应异常通过改变欧亚大陆及其下游北太平洋上空的高度场,进而改变东亚急流和斜压性,从而对北太平洋风暴轴产生影响.     

北太平洋风暴轴的三维空间结构

文中利用最新的0.5°×0.5°分辨率QuikSCAT(QuikBird Satellite Microwave Scatterometer Sea Winds Data)海面风场资料、NCEP(National Center for Environmental Prediction)的10 m高度风场资料和全球客观再分析资料,对1999-2005年冬季(1月)和夏季(7月)北太平洋风暴轴的三维空间结构进行了分析,发现冬季北太平洋风暴轴的强度较强,呈明显的纬向拉伸带状分布特征,位置偏南.夏季北太平洋风暴轴的强度较弱,位置偏北.根据不同高度上位势高度方差的水平分布特征,绘制了北太平洋风暴轴的三维结构示意图.利用高分辨率QuikSCAT资料对风暴轴特征的刻画更为细致,不但验证了Nakamu-ra在南大洋发现的双风暴轴现象,而且还发现在北太平洋和北大西洋下层分别存在"副热带风暴轴"和"副极地风暴轴"两个风暴轴.对1999-2005年冬季北太平洋气旋和反气旋的移动路径进行的统计分析,为北太平洋"双风暴轴"的存在提供了强有力的证据.     

边界层Scorer参数对背风波波长的影响

利用一个中层Scorer参数较大,上、下层Scorer参数较小的3层背风波模型,讨论了边界层(下层)Scorer参数对背风波波长的影响。结果表明,当边界层Scorer参数减小时,波长增大,反之波长减小;当中高层的Scorer参数较小时,背风波波长对边界层的Scorer参数敏感。利用该结果结合观测事实分析后发现,由于地表加热的日变化影响了边界层的Scorer参数,故造成了背风波波长在夜间缩短,在午后增加;此外还发现,因夏季的Scorer参数要比冬季小,这可导致波长变化率在夏季比冬季更大。     

Modeling the evolution of the family of Mediterranean cyclones using the regional model of the atmosphere

Due to the complex orography and the presence of the moisture-saturated air, the Mediterranean region is characterized by the increased baroclinic and convective instability, that leads to the sudden cyclogenesis and the formation of dangerous weather phenomena. The results are given of the investigation of formation mechanisms of Mediterranean cyclones, peculiarities of stages of their evolution and dynamical processes, which occur throughout the atmosphere, using the regional numerical ETA model of the atmosphere by the example of individual cases of the cyclogenesis over the Mediterranean Sea. It is revealed that the cold Arctic air outbreak (the intrusion of the cold Arctic air) to the south of the Western Europe, leading to the formation of the areas of the baroclinic instability and the increased moisture content of the air in the area of the vortex origin, favors the cyclogenesis. The use of the vertical coordinate η in the model enabled to compute more precisely the vertical wind speed, therefore, the influence of the orography on the moisture content and precipitation increase became pronounced. The transformation of the structure of meteorological fields in the course of the development of vortexes is considered. The computation of the helicity is made, and it is shown that this characteristic can be one of the earliest predictors of cyclogenesis.     

大西洋阻塞高压上层冷中心的成因

基于ERA-40再分析资料以及多尺度子空间变换和多尺度能量分析方法,探讨了大西洋阻塞高压平流层底部冷中心的形成机制,发现该冷中心形成的根本原因为16 d以下(高频尺度)和64 d以上过程(基本气流)向阻高尺度有效位能的正则传输,所获得有效位能在阻高尺度内被输运到西北和东南侧,并转换成动能,起到使阻高强度增加或者维持的作用。这种过程在西北侧表现得尤为明显,这可能是阻高形态不断向西北侧扩展的原因。在传统的认知中,大气有效位能从大尺度向小尺度传输,但本研究发现,阻高发生时,有效位能在平流层底部的传输方向表现为从高频尺度和基本气流尺度同时向阻高尺度传输。此外,前人的研究表明,阻高发展加强之后对流层中阻高动能向有效位能转化使得阻高消亡,而本文的分析表明两种能量的转换方向在平流层底部完全相反——由有效位能向动能转换,起到了使阻高加强或维持的作用。最近的研究表明对流层顶附近的动力学对于阻高的发展和维持非常重要,上述发现增进了对这些动力学深层的了解。     

The effect of the relative humidity and the specific humidity on the determination of the climate regions in Turkey

All elements of climate that affect climatic events must be taken into account such that the climate regions are determined with exactitude. To this end, data on maximum temperature (Tx), minimum temperature (Tn), mean temperature (Tm), and precipitation (Pt) as well as local pressure (Ps), mean wind (WN), relative humidity (RH), and specific humidity (SH) have been investigated statistically and graphically. The specific humidity data calculated using Tm, Ps, and RH data and statistical comparisons have shown that there are no drawbacks to using SH in climatologic studies. According to principal component analysis, it was concluded that RH and SH should be used together with Tx, Tm, Tn, and Pt for the determination of the climate regions. Two cluster analysis methods, Ward's method and Kohonen neural network technique, were used to show the effect of RH and SH. A comparison of the cluster's stability between the limited and high number of stations shows that Ward's method and Kohonen neural network are very stable in both cases. It was also determined that RH does not change the outline of climate regions but that it affects the zones of climate transition. It was observed that clusters determined by using Tm, Pt, and RH provide relatively more distinctive clusters in the data space than clusters determined by using Tm, Pt, and SH.     

南海夏季风建立的模式诊断研究

应用全球谱模式 (T42L9)对 1 986年和 1 987年个例进行了一系列有、无凝结潜热加热和地表感热以及地形作用的单因子敏感性数值预报试验 ,对预报模式输出的大气凝结潜热量和地面感热通量的时空变化特征进行了诊断分析。个例敏感性试验结果表明 ,大气凝结潜热对南海地区西南风的建立极为重要。诊断分析结果指出 ,在南海夏季风建立前 ,中南半岛地区是强大的凝结潜热加热区 ,远比印度半岛地区强。地形和中南半岛凝结潜热的共同作用可能是导致南海夏季风早于印度夏季风建立的重要原因。 1 987年 5月份在中南半岛地区的凝结潜热量比 1 986年明显偏低 ,直到 5月底 6月初才明显上升 ,这可能是该年南海夏季风建立晚的一个原因 ,中南半岛地区凝结潜热的变化可能是影响季风建立早晚的重要因子之一。     

An investigation of the characteristics of the onset and cessation of the rains in Nigeria

Summary Rainfall and potential evapotranspiration (PE) data spanning 35 years (1959–1993) were analysed to determine the onset and cessation of the rains for 4 selected stations in each of the 4 major selected zones of Nigeria. The characteristics of onset and cessation of the rains have been categorised as normal, early and late. The pattern of occurrence of each category varies among the ecological zones. For instance, the occurrence of normal onset of the rains is highest at locations in the Forest and Guinea Savanna Zones. In the Sudan Savanna area, however, the occurrence of normal onset of the rains is equal with that of late occurrence. It was, however, found that the occurrence of normal cessation of the rains is higher than early or late cessation at locations in all the zones. Furthermore, the occurrence of each category of the cessation of the rains is more consistent than that of the onset. The influence of the Inter-Tropical Discontinuity (ITD) on the latter observation have been noted. Further analysis of the characteristics of the onset and cessation of the rains showed that occurrence of short-falls in the duration of the rainfalls for normal agricultural activaties is peculiar to all the zones. However, such shortfalls are lower in the Forest Zone than in the Savanna regions, indicating that the reliability of the duration of the rainfalls for normal agricultural activities decreases northwards from the forest to the Sudan Savanna region. The implications of the observations for farm operations have been stressed.With 10 Figures     

On the definition of the flux of sensible heat

The definition of the sensible heat flux is examined in the light of a paper published by Brook (1978). We show that the convergence of the flux defined in this paper and that of the standard definition are related to different quantities and that care must be taken to ensure that compatible definitions are used.     

青藏高原抬升加热气候效应研究的新进展

对近4年来关于青藏高原加热影响气候的研究进行回顾.首先介绍利用位涡方程和热力适应理论,揭示;夏季高原上空低层气旋式及高层反气旋式环流结构稳定维持的动力学机理.结果表明高原加热作用造成的低层正涡源是低层气旋式环流得以稳定维持的重要原因.而边界层摩擦产生的负位涡是平衡正位涡的主要因素.高原加热还在高原上空形成负位涡,它影响着盛夏的大气环流,是青藏高原上空强大而稳定的反气旋环流得以维持的重要因素.在春夏过渡季节青藏高原非绝热加热对大气环流季节变化以及亚洲季风爆发的影响力方面,进一步确认了感热加热在过渡季节早期(5月中旬以前)环:流演变中的重要作用.青藏高原非绝热加热的时间演变引起了海陆热力差异对比的变化,使副热带高压带首先在孟加拉湾东部断裂,亚洲季风因而在孟加拉湾爆发.结果还表明,用纬向风垂直差异的时空分布能更准确地表示季节变化的区域差异.在青藏高原非绝热加热与北半球环流系统年际变化的联系方面,发现夏季青藏高原的加热强(弱)的年份,高原感热加热气泵(SHAP)高(低)效工作,使高原加热对周边地区低层暖湿空气的抽吸效应和对高层大气向周边地区的排放作用加强(减弱),高原及邻近地区的上升运动,下层辐合和上层辐散均增强(减弱),从而影响着高原和周边地区的环流以及亚洲季风区大尺度环流系统.而且高原的加热强迫还能够激发产生一支沿亚欧大陆东部海岸向东北方向传播的Rossby波列,其频散效应可影响到更远的东太平洋以至北美地区的大气环流.研究还表明,盛夏的南亚高压存在"青藏高压型"和"伊朗高压型"的双模态,它们与高原加热状态有关,且显著地与亚洲季风区的气候分布密切联系.     

A Simulation of the Climatic Conditions Associated with the Collapse of the Maya Civilization

It has been speculated that the collapse of the Maya civilization in the Yucatan region of Mexico around 900 AD was caused by drought. A 10,000-year simulation with the CSIRO Mark 2 coupled global climatic model has been used to investigate such a possibility. The model replicates sporadic, severe drought over the Yucatan consistent with the above speculation. It was found that these droughts were specifically constrained to the Central American area, with no obvious linkages to other regions. An investigation of the mechanisms associated with rainfall fluctuations over the Yucatan indicates that these were not caused by sea surface temperature variations. Fluctuations in the intensity of the topographically constrained meridional wind systems located on both the western and eastern coasts of the Americas were found to be the dominant influence. The sensitivity of the Yucatan to drought episodes arises from its location at the convergence zone of these wind systems. It is concluded that the severe drought episodes in this region are a consequence of stochastic fluctuations of these wind systems and that external influences are not necessary.     

Addressing the necessity of the registration of the effects of causal mechanics in the example of a simple barotropic model of the atmosphere

Summary Considering the effects of causal mechanics on geophysical problems enables us to explain a number of phenomena, which cannot be explained from conventional positions. This paper shows that the introduction of the force of causality in a simple barotropic hydrodynamic model of weather forecasts results in the outcomes, which, on the one hand, can not be described from the positions of classical hydro-thermodynamics, whilst on the other hand, exist in nature.