上海“0185”特大暴雨的MCS形成条件分析

在分析影响系统的基础上，结合GMS-5卫星云图、WSR-88D雷达资料对2001年8月5日夜间上海城市特大暴雨作了初步剖析。分析发现，中尺度对流系统（MCS）更替发展加强是产生强降水的直接原因；有利的环流背景导致了中尺度对流系统（MCS）的产生和稳定少动；上海三面环水的特殊地理条件为中尺度对流系统提供了充足的水汽。     

"05.6"东北暴雨中尺度对流系统研究Ⅰ:常规资料和卫星资料分析

应用常规气象资料与卫星资料相结合的办法,研究了2005年6月10日午后在黑龙江省中东部发生的暴雨中尺度对流系统(MCSs)的大尺度环流背景、大气层结演变特征、下垫面条件以及中尺度对流系统。结果表明:此次暴雨(简称“05.6”东北暴雨)是发生在高空槽东移加深过程中的一次对流天气过程。中尺度对流系统处于前倾疏散的高空槽槽前,高空辐散,低空辐合,为MCS发生提供了有利的大尺度动力条件。暴雨发生前对流层低层有西南—东北走向的湿舌,为暴雨提供了有利的水汽条件。高空干冷平流与低空的暖湿平流形成的差动平流,造成此处大气的层结不稳定度增强。此外,从地面接收到的太阳辐射能量分布情况来看,下垫面不均匀加热引起的热力环流是这次暴雨过程中尺度对流系统发生发展的一个重要的触发机制。研究地面中尺度切变线演变与此次暴雨对流系统发生发展的关系发现,切变线上对流强弱分布是不均匀的,其中在弧形切变线曲率最大处的对流最强,与沙兰河上游暴雨有关的对流云团就出现在这个地区。以上事实表明,地面中尺度切变线可能是此次暴雨发生发展的另一个关键因素,而造成切变线上对流发展不均匀的原因可能和切变线走向与环境风场的配置有较大关系。     

一次罕见冰雹天气过程的对流参数分析

2005年6月14夜到15日凌晨受中尺度对流系统(MCS)影响,安徽东部出现罕见的冰雹天气过程。本文利用地面观测资料、高空天气图、卫星云图和雷达等资料,分析了环流形势和天气影响系统,计算了相关的强对流天气参数并对能量参数进行了详细分析,试图揭示本次过程的天气系统特征和对流参数物理特征。结果表明:此次大范围风雹强对流天气系统是在东北低涡下,高空前倾槽与地面辐合线有利的大环流背景下,一个MCS影响所致;KI、SI指数对于预示本次强风雹过程存在着一定的局限性;CAPE、NCAPE、SSI和SHR等参数较好地反映出强风雹天气过程的出现。     

A Study on the Mesoscale Convective Systems during the Summer Monsoon Onset over the South China Sea in 1998 Part Ⅰ: Analysis of Large-Scale Fields for Occurrence and Development of the Mesoscale Convective Systems

The summer monsoon onset over the northern South China Sea (SCS) in May 16-20, 1998 was characterized by the abrupt onset of mesoscale convective activities and rapid increase of precipitation. The possible mechanism for formation of the mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) and related rain belts were revealed through discussing their forming physical conditions under the large-scale background: (1) The high pseudo-equivalent potential temperature and the convective instability in the lower troposphere, the low-level southwesterly confluence and the high-level divergence over South China and the northern SCS provided the favorable large-scale thermodynamic and dynamic conditions for development of MCSs. The southwesterly flow from the Bay of Bengal (BOB) interacted with that to the western flank of the subtropical high, which constituted the major moisture channels, thus bringing about deep wet layers and strong moisture convergence;(2) triggered by several cold troughs from high and mid latitudes, the convectively unstable energy was released and the convective activities over the northern SCS broke out abruptly;(3)analysis of retrieved precipitation based on the dual-Doppler radar during South China Sea Monsoon Experiment (SCSMEX) indicated that active convection influenced by the monsoon trough and corresponding wind shear line organized and formed continually some mesoscale convective rainbelts. During May 15-19,about 12 precipitation processes with 6-12-hour life span or more were observed;and (4) under the favorable synoptic conditions, establishment of the monsoon trough and shear line in the low levels, as well as production and development of mesoscale low vortex were all necessary conditions for the formation and maintenance of MCSs.     

Lightning activity related to satellite and radar observations of a mesoscale convective system over Texas on 7–8 April 2002

A multi-sensor study of the leading-line, trailing-stratiform (LLTS) mesoscale convective system (MCS) that developed over Texas in the afternoon of 7 April 2002 is presented. The analysis relies mainly on operationally available data sources such as GOES East satellite imagery, WSR-88D radar data and NLDN cloud-to-ground flash data. In addition, total lightning information in three dimensions from the LDAR II network in the Dallas–Ft. Worth region is used.GOES East satellite imagery revealed several ring-like cloud top structures with a diameter of about 100 km during MCS formation. The Throckmorton tornadic supercell, which had formed just ahead of the developing linear MCS, was characterized by a high CG+ percentage below a V-shaped cloud top overshoot north of the tornado swath. There were indications of the presence of a tilted electrical dipole in this storm. Also this supercell had low average CG− first stroke currents and flash multiplicities. Interestingly, especially the average CG+ flash multiplicity in the Throckmorton storm showed oscillations with an estimated period of about 15 min.Later on, in the mature LLTS MCS, the radar versus lightning activity comparison revealed two dominant discharge regions at the back of the convective leading edge and a gentle descent of the upper intracloud lightning region into the trailing stratiform region, apparently coupled to hydrometeor sedimentation. There was evidence for an inverted dipole in the stratiform region of the LLTS MCS, and CG+ flashes from the stratiform region had high first return stroke peak currents.     

A Study on the Mesoscale Convective Systems during the Summer Monsoon Onset over the South China Sea in 1998Part I: Analysis of Large-Scale Fields for Occurrence and Development of the Mesoscale Convective Systems

1. Introduction China is located in the East Asian monsoon re- gion. Every year's weather and climate in this region is deeply affected by the monsoon activities. Es- pecially, during flooding season (May to September), the summer monsoon controls large-scale precipitation patterns, the movement of seasonal rain belt and oc- currence of drought/flood disasters. The Asian mon- soon can be divided into two systems (Tao and Chen, 1987). As a major component and its unique location, the South …     

MCS的形态特征和外推预报

对红外卫星云图进行图象处理之后,对ＭＣＳ的边界廓线进行傅里叶展开,求得其形态特征。利用形态特征的保守性,得到ＭＣＳ的移动矢。以此对ＭＣＳ的移动作外推预报,结果表明,准确率比目测判别要高。     

2012年7月内蒙古极端降水事件及成因

2012年7月下旬内蒙古中部出现罕见的极端降水事件(简称"7·27"暴雨)。利用NCEP再分析资料、常规观测和精细化监测等资料分析了"7·27"暴雨成因。结果表明:(1)贝加尔湖低涡异于常年。巴尔喀什湖到鄂霍茨克海为阻塞高压,其底部横槽加深生成贝加尔湖低涡。低涡内有冷空气活动,在对流层低层及地面激发出低涡和气旋。(2)该过程的中尺度特征明显。地面中尺度切变线不断新生、稳定维持,形成多个中尺度雨带。高空β中尺度对流云团不断新生、合并加强,形成对流复合体M CS。河套西北部、河套南部、锡林郭勒盟中西部三个暴雨区均是中尺度对流复合体M CS发展的结果。(3)垂直方向上,暴雨发生前到暴雨期从地面至700 h Pa的大气比湿达10~22 g·kg-1,且850~700 h Pa水汽垂直输送达到最强;水平方向上,南风风力辐合,末端到达45°N以北,河套南部地区为"水汽汇"。(4)对流层高层大气涡旋运动是该过程的直接诱因。大气涡旋运动由200 h Pa向700 h Pa传播,正涡度平流在700 h Pa到200 h Pa随高度增加,高层水平辐散、低层补偿辐合,大气强迫上升产生暴雨。(5)对流层中层持续"干侵入",低层持续的暖湿输送,大气不稳定能量不断重建,这是极端暴雨过程的热力机制。(6)随着全球气候变暖,亚洲夏季风加强,来自孟加拉湾和南海的水汽向东亚副热带地区输送加强,水汽输送进一步向北扩展到我国华北内陆地区,是"7·27"暴雨过程的重要原因。     

近10年北京地区极端暴雨事件的基本特征

利用北京地区5 min间隔的自动气象站降水观测资料,SA雷达观测资料、FY-2卫星TBB(Temperature of Black Body)资料、常规气象探空资料和1°×1°NCEP/NCAR最终分析资料,对2006—2013年发生的10次极端暴雨事件(14个区(县)中,任意一个区县代表站24 h内降水量≥ 100 mm,且暴雨区内至少有一个自动气象站降水强度≥ 40 mm/h)的基本特征进行了对比分析。结果表明:(1)长生命周期的单体或多单体组织合并的中尺度对流系统(第Ⅰ类中尺度对流系统)形成的暴雨中心一般位于北京西部山前地区或中心城区,这种分布与低空偏东气流的地形强迫作用或城市强迫作用有关;"列车效应"对应的多单体中尺度对流系统(第Ⅱ类中尺度对流系统)形成的极端暴雨事件往往与两次不同属性的降水过程有关:锋前暖区对流过程和锋面附近的对流过程。因此,降水分布往往平行于低空急流轴或锋面。(2)第Ⅰ类中尺度对流系统形成的极端暴雨过程局地性更强,全市平均降水量远小于暴雨量级(50 mm),其中,由混合型降水主导的极端暴雨事件一般是由几乎不移动的长生命周期单体反复生消造成的,对流高度相对较低;而深对流主导的极端暴雨事件一般由多单体组织、合并、加强造成,由于对流单体的上冲云顶很高,最低TBB一般低于-55℃,这类极端暴雨事件的短时强降水具有显著的间歇性:第一阶段的强降水与单体对流发展过程对应,以后的短时强降水与对流单体组织、合并过程对应。(3)"列车效应"对应的多单体中尺度对流系统暴雨过程,初始阶段一般表现为相互独立的两个对流带,即与锋面系统对应的对流带和与低空急流轴对应的暖区对流带,随着锋面对流带逐渐向暖区对流带移动,低空冷空气逐渐侵入到暖区对流带中,两条对流云带逐渐合并,对流活动进一步发展;或者由于暖区对流带截断锋面对流带的水汽入流,造成锋面对流减弱,而暖区对流带组织性更强,发展更加旺盛。与第Ⅰ类中尺度对流系统形成的极端暴雨过程不同,这类暴雨过程往往造成全市平均降水量达到暴雨(≥ 50 mm)甚至大暴雨(≥ 100 mm)。(4)不同类型的极端暴雨过程,大尺度水汽输送条件不同:"列车效应"造成的暴雨过程多数情况下由源于孟加拉湾和源于西太平洋的两支暖湿季风气流共同构成,大尺度水汽供应充沛;而第Ⅰ类中尺度对流系统中的混合型降水造成的暴雨过程的水汽来源主要与低空东南气流造成的近海水汽输送有关;第Ⅰ类中尺度对流系统中的深对流主导的深对流暴雨过程中整层水汽含量并不大,多数情况下水汽输送仅出现在对流层低层甚至仅在近地面层内。(5)大多数情况下,无论哪类性质的极端暴雨过程,在强降水发生时刻,雷达强回波高度一般在4 km以下,仅有极个别时刻强回波中心高于5 km。极端暴雨过程中,环境大气对流有效位能(CAPE)的大小一般与对流发展高度(雷达回波顶高)具有较好的对应关系,但与强降水发生时刻回波强度、最强回波高度、降水强度的对应关系较差。     

滇西北高原一次暴雨过程诊断分析

利用常规资料、自动站降水资料和卫星云图资料分析了2014云南省丽江市首场区域性暴雨过程。结果表明此次过程是高空槽东移引导弱冷空气南下,同时受500 h Pa两高辐合区和700 h Pa切变线共同影响所致;孟加拉湾水汽为此次暴雨过程的主要水汽来源,同时强水汽辐合中心的存在和移动过程经过丽江是此次区域性暴雨形成的主要特征;强降水时段低层辐合高层辐散且有强烈的斜压上升运动;中尺度对流云团的合并及加强,TBB值小于220 K是此次强降水的一个特征。