2010—2016年江西省暖季短时强降水特征分析

利用江西省2010—2016年5—9月1597个观测站逐小时降水资料对江西省短时强降水进行统计分析。采用REOF将降水场划分为5个区域：赣北南部（Ⅰ区）,抚州市及赣州中部（Ⅱ区）,赣北北部（Ⅲ区）,赣南南部、北部（Ⅳ区）以及赣中西部（Ⅴ区）。短时强降水高频区主要分布在山地及河谷附近,分别为湘赣交界罗霄山脉东侧、武夷山西侧、信江河谷、乐安河谷和昌江河谷。河谷附近短时强降水频次以昌江河谷最高（16.9次/a）,山地附近最高在罗霄山脉东侧（12.6次/a）,极端短时强降水分别位于上饶市东北部山区（3.7次/a）及九岭山南侧的锦江河谷（3.3次/a）。短时强降水主要发生在5月第3候,6、7月第3~4候以及8月第2~3候。Ⅳ、Ⅴ区具有单峰型的日变化特征;Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ区具有双峰型的日变化特征。主峰基本集中在下午17时;次峰在上午08—10时。短时强降水对暴雨贡献率基本在40%以上,Ⅰ、Ⅱ区的暴雨天气过程将近一半是由短时强降水贡献的。信江河谷是暴雨雨量中心,但并不是短时强降水雨量中心;昌江河谷与武夷山西麓既是暴雨中心也是短时强降水中心。     

Investigation into the daily precipitation variability in the Yangtze River Delta,China

In this article, by using the daily precipitation data measured at 58 meteorological stations, spatial and temporal variability of daily precipitation including zero rainfall values (called “precipitation”) and without zero rainfall values (called “rain”) and four precipitation extrema (P₀, P₂₀, P₅₀, and P₁₀₀ representing the daily precipitation with the magnitude smaller than 0.1 mm, bigger than 20 mm, 50 mm, and 100 mm per day, respectively) in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) during 1958–2007 were analyzed, and the effects of urbanization were further investigated. Results indicate that (i) differing from the downward trends in 1958–1985, daily precipitation and rain in 1986–2007 show slowly downward trends in the mid YRD but show upward trends in the northern and southern YRD. (ii) Spatial and temporal variability of the rain is more complex than daily precipitation. Both of them become smaller but show more obvious fluctuations in 1986–2007. (iii) Urbanizations cause not only the urban rainfall island problem but also more obvious fluctuations of rain intensity in the mid YRD, reflecting more uncertainty of daily precipitation variability. (iv) Urbanizations have little effects on the variability of P₀ and P₁₀₀ but cause notable increases of P₂₀ and P₅₀. (v) The spatial variability of daily precipitation and precipitation extrema in 1958–1985 clearly shows a breakpoint at 30°20′N latitude, but the breakpoint disappears afterward because of the effects of urbanization. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

秋季东海和南黄海表层海水CO_2体系各参数分布及海-气界面通量

根据2007年11月在东海和南黄海海域表层海水测得的TCO2和TA数据,计算了表层海水pCO2,结合现场环境对表层海水CO2体系各参数的分布进行了讨论,探讨了pCO2与海水温度及叶绿素的相关性,利用Wanninkhof(1992)提出的通量模式并采用加权平均法估算了整个调查海域的海-气CO2的净通量。结果表明:观测海域表层海水CO2系统各参量的分布呈明显的不均匀性,在水团的混合处往往是各参量的高值或低值中心。由相关性分析可知,pCO2的分布主要受海水温度的影响,生物活动的影响较弱。受秋季较大风速的影响,调查海域表现为强的CO2源,秋季可向大气释放CO2约为556×104tC。     

Application of FY-2C Cloud Drift Winds in a Mesoscale Numerical Model

Statistical tests and error analysis of cloud drift winds(CDWs) from the FY-2C satellite were made by using radiosonde observations.According to the error characteristics of the CDW,a bias correction using the thermal wind theory was applied in the data quality control.The CDW data were then assimilated into the GRAPES-meso model via the GRAPES-3DVar.A torrential rain event that occurred in northwestern China during 1-2 July 2005 was simulated.The results indicate that the CDW data were mainly distribute...     

Wet deposition of excess sulfate at Macquarie Island, 54° S

Annual wet deposition of excess sulfate at Macquarie Island has been estimated from 5 months of rainwater composition data covering the Austral summer of 1985/86. The resulting figure of 2.1±0.6 mmol/m²/yr is at the low end of previous estimates of maritime excess sulfate deposition by precipitation. Within estimated uncertainty limits this figure is consistent with the DMS emission flux which would be predicted for latitude 50°–60° S, based solely on available Northern Hemispheric DMS measurements.Temporarily at the International Meteorological Institute, Stockholm University, S-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.     

四川省宁南县城后山泥石流激发雨强

根据宁南县城后山垂直剖面观测资料，对本区降雨的垂直变化及泥石流激发雨强作了探讨。当地暴雨泥石流发生所需的１０分钟雨强ｉ＿（１０ｍｉｎ）和前期降水量Ｐａ组合为：：ｉ＿（１０ｍｉｎ）≥１５ｍｍ∩Ｐａ≥５０ｍｍ，或ｉ＿（ｍｉｎ）≥１０ｍｍ∩Ｐａ≥６５ｍｍ，或ｉ＿（１０ｍｉｎ）≥５ｍｍ∩Ｐａ≥９０ｍｍ。超过上述各组合值就有可能暴发泥石流。     

Formic and acetic acids in atmospheric condensate in Wilmington,North Carolina

Formic and acetic acids occurred in atmospheric condensate with concentrations similar to rainwater collected in Wilmington, North Carolina, during the sampling period from June to October of 1990. Atmospheric concentrations of these acids (calculated from the condensate concentrations) were higher in continental versus maritime air masses. Concentrations of formic and acetic acids were correlated with each other in both condensate and air. Traffic was a source of acetic acid and of bisulfite to atmospheric condensate in this study.     

云、雨水酸度和离子浓度与其微物理参数的关系

本文1987年5-6月和1989年5-6月庐山地区的实测资料,分析了云、雨水酸度和离子浓度与其微物理量间的关系。结果表明,云、雨滴大小、含水量、谱宽等微物理量的演变直接影响着其酸度和离子浓度。     

9012台风倒槽结构与暴雨中尺度系统

利用高空资料、地面资料和红外卫星云图资料,对发生在浙江中北部的9012台风倒槽暴雨的机制进行分析,揭示了该台风倒槽的结构和暴雨的环境场。并进一步研究了产生暴雨的中尺度暴雨云团及其周围的垂直气流分布与地面降水的对应关系。对暴雨云团所对应的高、中、低(地面)层系统亦进行了分析。     

9216号热带风暴的初步分析

对9216号热带风暴在9月1日02时中心分裂的原因,作了初步探讨,认为东南低空急流使热带风暴倒槽区的气旋性环流加强,以及低涡的吸引合并,是产生新中心的原因。青岛产生大暴雨的条件,是充沛的水汽,强烈的上升运动和长波槽东移影响。