Thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis coupled with chromatography as a thermal simulation experimental method and its application to gaseous hydrocarbons from different source rocks

In this paper a thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis method coupled with chromatography （TG-DTA-GC） has been adopted to simulate the generation of gaseous hydrocarbons from different hydrocarbon source rocks such as coals, mudstones, and carbonate rocks with different maturities. The temperature programming for thermal simulation experiment is 20℃/min from ambient temperature to 700℃. As viewed from the quantities and composition of generated gaseous hydrocarbons at different temperatures, it is shown that low-mature coal has experienced the strongest exothermic reaction and the highest loss of weight in which the first exothermic peak is relatively low. Low-mature coal samples have stronger capability of generating gaseous hydrocarbons than high-mature samples. The amounts and composition of gaseous hydrocarbons generated are closely related not only to the abundance of organic carbon in source rocks, but also to the type of kerogen in the source rocks, and their thermal maturity. In the present highly mature and over-mature rock samples organic carbon, probably, has already been exhausted, so the production of gaseous hydrocarbons in large amounts is impossible. The contents of heavy components in gaseous hydrocarbons from the source rocks containing type- Ⅰ and - Ⅱ kerogens are generally high ; those of light components such as methane and ethane in gaseous hydrocarbons from the source rocks with Ⅲ-type kerogens are high as well. In the course of thermal simulation of carbonate rock samples, large amounts of gaseous hydrocarbons were produced in a high temperature range.     

我国滨海火电和核电的分布现状及空间发展过程

近年来,我国越来越多的火电和核电电厂建设在滨海区域。文章概述了我国滨海电厂（包括火电和核电）的地理分布、热量排放和单机容量现状,回顾了近30年滨海电厂的空间发展过程。研究结果表明：我国滨海电厂分布不均,主要集中在广东省、浙江省和福建省。相同装机容量下,滨海核电设计排放热量比滨海火电设计排放热量多58%。滨海火电平均单机容量远远大于全国火电。20世纪90年代,我国滨海电厂主要分布在河口和海湾附近;截至2020年,滨海电厂在海湾、开放海域和河口装机容量的分布比例约为7:2:1。从尽量减少对海洋生态环境影响的角度考虑,位于河口的滨海电厂应开展电力结构调整;在保障建设运营安全的前提下,滨海电厂,特别是滨海核电应尽量选址在开放海域。     

额济纳绿洲地表土壤热通量特征及模拟估算

土壤热通量是地表能量平衡的重要分量,研究其变化特征对理解能量平衡过程具有十分重要的意义。利用中国科学院阿拉善荒漠生态水文试验研究站实际观测数据,分析了额济纳绿洲在不同天气条件（晴天和阴天）和时间尺度下地表土壤热通量变化特征,并采用强迫恢复法对地表土壤热通量进行了估算。结果表明：（1）晴天地表土壤热通量的日总量、平均值、最大值和振幅等都明显大于阴天。（2）在观测期内,地表土壤热通量总体呈先升高后降低的趋势,最大值出现在7月中旬,最小值出现在10月初,二者之间的日均值相差超过了900 W·m^-2。（3）不论晴天还是阴天,净辐射较地表土壤热通量在早晨和晚间都是先达到零值,且净辐射在正午前后先达到峰值。（4）对地表土壤热通量取绝对值可以看出,无论昼夜,均是晴天大于阴天。（5）一天内地表土壤热通量占净辐射的比例随着时间递减。（6）基于强迫恢复法估算的额济纳绿洲地表土壤热通量与实测值具有较好的一致性,可用于地表土壤热通量模拟。     

阴山丘陵区土壤深松增墒水分动态研究

根据 1 997～ 1 998年观测资料 ,从热量平衡角度出发 ,论述了土壤深松保墒增墒的物理基础 ,初步探讨了深松条件下田间土壤有效水动态变化规律和保墒作用 .深松改变了近地层水热状况 ,导致土壤水分蒸发减少、土壤孔隙度增大 ,可接纳的天然降水增加 ,30～ 50 cm土层含水量比对照提高 2 0 %以上 ,产量平均提高 2 0 %～ 30 % .     

沙漠层辐射热量传输的界面过程研究：以古尔班通古特沙漠为例

根据古尔班通古特的自然与气候条件,对不同下垫面区域的太阳短波辐射量和地表与大气的长波辐射热量以及沙层热通量收支状态２进行了测量分析。结果表明,波支和固定沙模层的热量传输差异主要是由地表状况、沙层性质和气温等因素决定的。流沙漠区反射率和长波辐射大于固定沙漠区。沙漠层热通量随白天以感热、夜间以潜热的形式向大气传输,形成了沙漠地区对辐射热量特有的响应与反馈交换传输过程。同时,依据实测资料和地球表面热量平     

巢湖对冬季陆面辐射和热量过程的影响

从物理气候学的观点出发,分析了湖泊对水体和陆地辐射平衡和热量平衡各分量的影响。以巢湖地区冬季观测资料为例,揭示了在晴稳天气湖陆风环流对陆面显热输送的影响,以及在冷平流天气,湖泊对上下风方陆面显热输送的影响。     

Interannual variability of mixed layer depth and heat storage of upper layer in the tropical Pacific Ocean

By using the upper layer data(downloaded from the web of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography ),the interannual variability of the heat storage of upper layer(from surface to 400 m depth) and the mixed layer depth in the tropical Pacific Ocean are investigated. The abnormal signal of the warm event comes from the central and west Pacific Ocean, whereas it is regarded that the abnormal signal of the warm event comes from the east Pacific Ocean in the popular viewpoint. From the viewpoint on the evolution of the interannual variability of the mixed layer depth and the heat storage of the whole upper layer, the difference between the two types of E1Nino is so small that it can be neglected. During these two E1Nino/La Nina events( 1972/1973 and 1997/1998), other than the case of the heat storage or for the mixed layer depth, the abnormal signal propagates from the central and west Pacific Ocean to the east usually by the path along the equator whereas the abnormal signal propagates from the east to the west by the path northern to the equator. For the interannual variability, the evolution of the mixed layer depth corresponds to that of the heat storage in the upper layer very well. This is quite different from the evolution of seasonality.     

Contribution of Oceanic Circulation to the Poleward Heat Flux

Oceanic contribution to the poleward heat flux in the climate system includes two components： the sensible heat flux and the latent heat flux. Although the latent heat flux has been classified as atmospheric heat flux exclusively, it is argued that oceanic control over this component of poleward heat flux should play a critically important role. The so-called swamp ocean model practice is analyzed in detail, and the critical role of oceanic circulation in the establishment of the meridional moisture transport is emphasized.     

西藏日喀则市查孜地热田水化学及同位素特征研究

查孜地热田位于青藏高原西南部。通过野外地质调查及地热钻孔揭露,发现该地热田具有较好的地热资源开发潜力。对该地热田地下热水的水文地球化学及同位素特征开展研究,发现地下热水为HCO₃-Na型; 热水与冷水的离子浓度存在差异,显示二者具有不同的物质来源,但又具有一定的水力联系。热水中的δD和δ¹⁸O同位素特征表明: 该地热田地下热水的主要补给来源为大气降水和冰雪融水,补给海拔为5 652 m以上; 大气降水和冰雪融水下渗并与沿断裂破碎带向上运移的地热流体混合后形成地下热水。断裂破碎带不仅是温泉的主要通道,也是地热流体的储集场所,地热田热水在地下运移滞留至少41 a。据SiO₂地热温标估算得出,该区地下热储温度为148.18 ~153.49 ℃,天然放热量为2 264.33×10¹² J/a。