西藏高原地形扰动对其降水分布影响的研究

利用离散谱空间变换中谱能不变性约束下的谱分析方法和引进相对地形高程(地形扰动)概念,研究了西藏高原地形强迫对该区降水分布的影响机制。研究表明,在相对最大降水高度之下,所谓地形-降水分布剖面一致性(即降水分布曲线相似于地形起伏曲线,雨峰雨谷和山峰山谷基本一一对应)的经典结论在西藏高原不能完全满足。频谱空间中的地形-降水锁相关系能够更本质地反映出地形性降水分布的物理特征。揭示出,两种不同的地形-降水锁相关系即分别对应西藏高原的两种地形-降水分布形态,即雨峰雨谷和山峰山谷基本一一对应的共振分布型;降水随地形增高或增或减的漂移分布型。     

以不同分类法探讨SPOT与IKONOS两种卫星影像之分类准确度

遥感探测可应用于大尺度环境之研究、规划及经营管理，故为探讨自然资源动态变迁之良好工具，惟现行影像来源与分类方法众多，研究者如何视其需要选择最佳组合，实有探讨之必要。本研究以SPOT及IKONOS两种不同空间解析力之卫星影像为材料，配合不同分类方法探讨台湾地区垦丁公园不同植群社会之空间分布信息，其结果均证实可行。而由研究过程发现，不同影像使用不同分类方法，其分类准确度有所差异，其中IKONOS影像因具有较高之空间解析力，有时反而容易造成影像分类的误授、漏授；而绿色植生部分尚无法由卫星影像之波谱值完全区隔，因此分类之精度仍有待精进。就影像分类而言，良好的训练样区配合正确的分类方法，可迅速获得一定准确度以上之分类结果，惟有时限于分类别的影像波谱值过于接近及各种地形效应、辐射效应之影响，会造成影像分类结果有误授、漏授及破碎化之情形产生，若能有效克服此一问题，则影像分类之成果将可提高其实用性。     

The complexity feature of crust-mantle boundary in Zhangbei seismic region and its tectonic implication

The ProP waveform data obtained from a deep seismic sounding profile, which ran through Zhangbei seismic region, were processed by means of both seismic wave complexity coefficient and frequency spectrum analysis methods, and the complexity characteristics of crest-mantle boundary beneath the studied area and its adjacent region were determined. The results show that the place below epicenter can be taken as boundary, the northern side of which is Inner Mongolia axis with small complexity coefficient and the southern side of which is Huai＇an basin with large complexity coefficient. The different spectrum patterns at the two sides of the epicenter were inferred from spectrum analysis. In the epicentral area, there have been multi-period magmatic eruptions since Meso-Cenozoic and craters exist at the surface. From the velocity imaging of middle and upper crust in Zhangbei seismic region it can be found that there are crustal low velocity bodies around the craters and also there are low velocity zones, which went into deep crust. It is suggested that the distinct zones of crust-mantle boundary complexity may be the margin, where the magma had intruded due to magma activity in Meso-Cenozoic. The southern side with large complexity coefficient is deep magmatic activity area and the northern side with small complexity coefficient is stable crust-mantle tectonics. The difference of crust-mantle complexity provides deep background for the development of strong earthquake.     

Long-period of the 1999 ground motion characteristic Jiji （Chi-Chi）, Taiwan, mainshock and aftershocks

This paper investigates long-period ground motion characteristic of the 1999 Jiji （Chi-Chi）, Taiwan, mainshock and aftershocks on the basis of lots of high quality digital strong motion records. The study attaches the importance to the variation of strength of the long-period ground motion with the magnitude, distance, and site condition. In the meantime, the near-fault long-period ground motion characteristic is analyzed. The result shows that the shape of the long-period response spectrum is mainly controlled by site condition and magnitude （the spectrum of class D＋E is wider than that of class B＋C, and the spectrum of larger magnitude is wider than that of smaller magni- tude）, and the effect of fault distance on the shape is not evident. And near-fault long-period ground motion characteristic depends on fault activity apparently, that is to say, the long-term ground motion in the hanger is stronger than that in the footwall, and the long-term ground motion in the north is stronger than that in the south.     

一种面向对象的4层空间数据模型

针对"空间数据是否要建立拓扑关系并在数据库中显式地存储记录"一直是GIS领域争论的问题,给出了解决方案:融合拓扑关系数据模型和面向实体数据模型,进而在分析和总结现有数据模型的基础上提出了一种面向对象的4层空间数据模型.对模型作了4个层次划分:几何对象、基本和复杂要素、分层与分区以及多尺度表达.模型具有3个特点,即多尺度描述地理空间;能描述不同要素层、不同区之间的关系;用户可根据实际情况自定义要素层拓扑关系.最后给出了模型在自主开发的地理数据库管理平台Geoinfo中的应用情况.     

Estimating non‐linear site response by single period approximation

Site effects characterize the filtering mechanisms within the soil sedimentary layers overlying bedrock. In regions of high seismicity such as California where strong motion records are relatively abundant, site coefficients can be developed by regression of recorded ground shaking parameters. In regions of low‐to‐moderate seismicity or of high seismicity but with a paucity of recorded strong motion data, such empirical models cannot be obtained in the same way. This study describes the theoretical development of a simple, rational manual procedure to calculate site coefficients, based on a single period approximation (SPA), and to construct displacement response spectra (RSD) for soil sites. The proposed simplified model, which takes into account the non‐linear behaviour of soil that is dependent on the level of shaking, impedance contrast at the soil–bedrock interface and the plasticity of soil material, has been verified by comparison with results obtained from non‐linear shear wave analyses and data recorded during the 1994 Northridge earthquake. The proposed model is believed to be a convenient tool for calculating non‐linear site responses and constructing site‐specific response spectra, which has the potential of being incorporated into code provisions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Spectral shape,epsilon and record selection

Selection of earthquake ground motions is considered with the goal of accurately estimating the response of a structure at a specified ground motion intensity, as measured by spectral acceleration at the first‐mode period of the structure, Sa(T₁). Consideration is given to the magnitude, distance and epsilon (ε) values of ground motions. First, it is seen that selecting records based on their ε values is more effective than selecting records based on magnitude and distance. Second, a method is discussed for finding the conditional response spectrum of a ground motion, given a level of Sa(T₁) and its associated mean (disaggregation‐based) causal magnitude, distance and ε value. Records can then be selected to match the mean of this target spectrum, and the same benefits are achieved as when records are selected based on ε. This mean target spectrum differs from a Uniform Hazard Spectrum, and it is argued that this new spectrum is a more appropriate target for record selection. When properly selecting records based on either spectral shape or ε, the reductions in bias and variance of resulting structural response estimates are comparable to the reductions achieved by using a vector‐valued measure of earthquake intensity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于面向对象和规则的遥感影像分类研究

讨论了面向对象和规则的光学遥感影像分类方法。首先利用多尺度分割形成影像对象，建立对象的层次结构，计算对象的光谱特征、几何特征、拓扑特征等，利用对象、特征形成分类规则，并通过不同对象层间信息的传递和合并实现对影像的分类。并以北京城市土地利用分类为例，对该方法进行了验证。     

基于变化检测的视频对象提取及后继帧的对象跟踪

提出一种多尺度帧间边界变化检测方法，将当前图像划分为变化区域和非变化区域，变化区域内采用基于Hausdorff距离跟踪器找到对象在后继帧的最佳匹配位置；然后利用Snake模型拟合该位置上的非刚性形变，得到对象真实边缘；最后采用一种基于距离变换的最短路径法使开环闭合。     

基于地物空间信息的浮动先验概率最大似然分类研究

利用遥感影像对地物进行分类识别时，既需要考虑地物波谱信息，也需要考虑其空间信息。现有遥感分类方法主要集中在利用像素的波谱信息，对各个像素进行独立分类，忽略了地物空间信息。考虑到传统最大似然分类（MLC）方法包括先验概率和条件概率密度函数两个核心环节，提出基于空间信息的浮动先验概率MLC方法，融合空间信息和波谱信息，以提高分类精度。在分析地物空间信息的基础上，总结了基于空间信息的浮动先验概率确定原则和依据，包括地物几何空间特征、情景特征、临近像素空间自相关定律、景观参数等，并设计了基于地物空间特征和临近像素空间自相关定律的浮动先验概率确定算法和分类流程。通过分类试验和误差矩阵分析，结果表明：基于空间特征和临近像素空间自相关定律的浮动先验概率MLC方法，能够融合地物的波谱信息和空间信息，克服最小距离、MLC等基于像素波谱信息的分类方法的缺点，显著提高地物分类精度。