干旱沙区典型人工植被群落下土壤剖面CO_2浓度变化特征及其驱动因子

对人工固沙植被区柠条(Caragana korshinskii)群落和油蒿(Caragana korshinskii)群落下不同深度的土壤气体采样,主要研究和讨论了不同类型人工植被区下土壤CO2浓度的变化特征及土壤温度和土壤水分对其的影响。结果表明:柠条和油蒿群落0~80cm处的土壤空气CO2浓度随着土壤深度的增加而增加,并且在0~40cm,油蒿群落下的土壤CO2浓度值大于柠条,而在40cm以下则相反。其平均值分别为1 229.3μmol·mol-1和1 242.7μmol·mol-1,大于同一深度流沙下土壤CO2浓度值978.9μmol·mol-1。土壤水分与二者的土壤CO2浓度变化趋势在年际尺度上具有一致性,浅层40cm内油蒿群落下的土壤CO2浓度和土壤水分含量的相关性明显大于柠条和流沙。而在40cm以下,则表现为柠条油蒿流沙。土壤温度对土壤CO2浓度的影响程度一般为流沙油蒿柠条,特别是流沙,在表层达到了极显著的水平,之后随着土壤深度的增加而降低。而土壤温度对油蒿和柠条样地土壤CO2浓度的影响较为复杂,呈现出先增加后减小的趋势。在年际尺度上,土壤水分含量是不同植被群落下土壤剖面CO2浓度的关键限制因子,而在日尺度上,土壤温度则为主要限制因子。据粗略估计,在0~80cm内,柠条和油蒿根系呼吸所占的比例约为30.7%和33.3%。     

基于多种卫星的县级尺度干旱监测指数比较——以河北玉田县为例

为确定不同遥感数据源在县级尺度进行干旱监测的能力,利用环境减灾卫星、SPOT4和RAPIDEYE数据分别构建了垂直干旱指数、修正垂直干旱指数和温度植被干旱指数,以河北玉田县为例进行了对比研究。结果表明,基于环境减灾卫星的垂直干旱指数和修正垂直干旱指数变化与RAPIDEYE趋势一致,在冬小麦拔节期,当土壤含水量较高时,两指数值起伏变化不明显;在抽穗期,两指数能较好反映各层土壤含水量的起伏变化。而基于SPOT4的修正垂直干旱指数在一定程度上反映土壤含水量的变化特点,垂直干旱指数对土壤含水量变化不敏感。从数据源选取角度,环境减灾卫星和RAPIDEYE在县级尺度具有较好的干旱监测能力。由于基于环境减灾卫星的温度植被干旱指数与冬小麦单产具有显著以上水平的相关性,据此建立的线性估产模型是一种简单易行的旱灾预警模型。     

人类干扰对洪泽湖湿地植被分布格局的影响

洪泽湖具有防洪、调蓄、灌溉、水产、航运、发电等多个功能,人类干扰对洪泽湖湿地植被的影响对湿地管理具有重要意义。分析了人工水位调控、渔业生产及水质恶化等人类干扰对湿地植被分布格局的影响。结果表明:在长期且密集的人类干扰下,洪泽湖水位表现出春低、夏高、秋冬平稳的格局,使得洪泽湖湿地植被表现出明显的年际和年内波动;洪泽湖的水位每年5-6月达全年最低,这使得一些耐涝性较强的湿生植物在挺水植被分布区广泛分布;受渔业生产和水质恶化的影响,洪泽湖湿地植被分布总体呈下降的趋势,随着南水北调东线工程的竣工,还将面临新的挑战。     

土壤增温及降雨隔离对杉木幼林林下植被生物量的影响

据IPCC（2007）预计到21世纪末,全球平均温度将增加1.1-6.4℃,气候变暖导致陆地生态系统干旱频繁,强降雨增多,降雨量、降雨强度和降雨格局改变,高纬度地区降雨增加而亚热带地区降雨将减少。温度和水分是驱动生态系统过程最关键的2个因素,全球变暖及降雨格局的改变将显著影响陆地生态系统的结构与功能。森林生态系统作为陆地生态系统的一个重要组成部分,其林下植被在维持森林生态系统多样性、生态功能稳定性、森林生态系统营养元素的积累和循环、水土涵养、持续生态系统生产力以及森林演替和发展、森林碳汇储量等方面具有独特的功能和作用.     

Retrieval of aerosol optical properties over a vegetation surface using multi-angular,multi-spectral,and polarized data

An algorithm to retrieve aerosol optical properties using multi-angular,multi-spectral,and polarized data without a priori knowledge of the land surface was developed.In the algorithm,the surface polarized reflectance was estimated by eliminating the atmospheric scattering from measured polarized reflectance at 1640 nm.A lookup table （LUT） and an iterative method were adopted in the algorithm to retrieve the aerosol optical thickness （AOT,at 665 nm） and the （A）ngstr（o）m exponent （computed between the AOTs at 665 and 865 nm）.Experiments were performed in Tianjin to verify the algorithm.Data were provided by a newly developed airborne instrument,the Advanced Atmosphere Multi-angle Polarization Radiometer （AMPR）.The AMPR measurements over the target field agreed well with the nearby ground-based sun photometer.An algorithm based on Research Scanning Polarimeter （RSP） measurements was introduced to validate the observational measurements along a flight path over Tianjin.The retrievals were consistent between the two algorithms.The AMPR algorithm shows potential in retrieving aerosol optical properties over a vegetation surface.     

Regional-scale identification of three-dimensional pattern of vegetation landscapes

The altitudinal pattern of vegetation is usually identified by field surveys,however,these can only provide discrete data on a local mountain.Few studies identifying and analyzing the altitudinal vegetation pattern on a regional scale are available.This study selected central Inner Mongolia as the study area,presented a method for extracting vegetation patterns in altitudinal and horizontal directions.The data included a vegetation map at a 1∶1 000 000 scale and a digital elevation model at a 1∶250 000 scale.The three-dimensional vegetation pattern indicated the distribution probability for each vegetation type and the transition zones between different vegetation landscapes.From low to high elevations,there were five vegetation types in the southern mountain flanks,including the montane steppe,broad-leaved forest,coniferous mixed forest,montane dwarf-scrub and sub-alpine shrub-meadow.Correspondingly,only four vegetation types were found in the northern flanks,except for the montane steppe.This study could provide a general model for understanding the complexity and diversity of mountain environment and landscape.     

Change of Soil Organic Carbon after Cropland Afforestation in ′Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control′ Program Area in China

Land use change is one of the major factors that affect soil organic carbon(SOC) variation and global carbon balance. However, the effects of land use change on SOC are always variable. In this study, using a series of paired-field experiments, we estimated the effects of revegetation types and environmental conditions on SOC stock and vertical distribution after replacement of cropland with poplar(Populus tomentosa) and korshinsk peashrub(Caragana korshinskii) in three climate regions(Chifeng City, Fengning City and Datong City of the ′Beijing-Tianjin Sandstorm Source Control′(BTSSC) program area. The results show that SOC sequestration rate ranges from 0.15 Mg/(ha·yr) to 3.76 Mg/(ha·yr) in the soil layer of 0–100 cm in early stage after cropland afforestation in the BTSSC program area. The SOC accumulation rates are the highest in Fengning for both the two vegetation types. Compared to C. korshinskii, P. tomentosa has greater effects on SOC accumulation in the three climate regions, but significantly greater effect only appears in Datong. The SOC density increases by 20%–111% and 15%–59% for P. tomentosa and 9%–63% and 0–73% for C. korshinskii in the 0–20 cm and 20–100 cm soil layers, respectively. Our results indicate that cropland afforestation not only affects SOC stock in the topsoil, but also has some effects on subsoil carbon. However, the effect of cropland afforestation on SOC accumulation varied with climate regions and revegetation types. Considering the large area of revegetation and relatively high SOC accumulation rate, SOC sequestration in the BTSSC program should contribute significantly to decrease the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere.     

破坏植被对黄土高原的影响

我国黄土高原位于黄河中游,在地理上是指太行山以西、乌鞘岭-日月山以东、秦岭以北和长城以南的广大地区,总面积约为40万平方千米,是世界上最大的黄土沉积区。     

基于MODIS影像内蒙古地区植被长势监测分析

利用MODIS卫星250m分辨率数据,运用归一化植被指数和地理信息系统的统计分析方法,对内蒙古地区7月份植被长势进行监测分析。内蒙古7月份植被长势较好,与多年同期平均值相比,植被长势较好的区域约占总面积的50%,植被长势较差的区域约占总面积的30%;植被长势好的区域主要集中在东部地区,植被长势差的地区主要在西部地区。从内蒙古植被的总体长势分析得出,2009年为植被长势最差的一年,2013年是植被长势最好的一年;而分析不同下垫面类型植被指数的变化趋势可知,草原地区的植被长势较其他区域的波动最大,森林的植被长势波动最小,耕地由于人为的影响,其植被指数波动较小。     

巴音布鲁克草原植被生长气象条件指数变化特征

利用巴音布鲁克气象站1958--2012年4—9月各旬日照、气温、降水量资料,应用模糊数学方法,构造了影响巴音布鲁克天然草地植被生长的光、热、水函数,计算植被生长气象条件指数,分析了光照、热量、水分条件指数及综合气象条件指数的变化特征。结果表明,巴音布鲁克草地植被生长的光照条件较稳定,热量和水分条件是限制因子,热量条件呈明显线性增加的趋势,水分条件年际波动较大,无明显线性趋势;综合气象条件指数年际波动大,气候倾向率分析呈明显线性增加的趋势,2004年发生了明显的增加突变,近10a气象条件有利于草原植被生长。