Environmental Geochemistry of Mining Activities in Panzhihua Region, Southwestern China

INTRODUCTIONMining activlties have significant envi ronmenta1 inll)ac'l ssuch as visual intrusions, dust, noise, blasting, trafflc and h}'drology (Kwolek, l999; Ripley et al., l996 ). The l)rot'csst'sof mineral extraction, processing, smelting and refinlng;1rt'never approximate to the environmental neutrality, but tht' affected areas can be ameliorated (KwoIek, l999; Klukanov;1;llltlRapant, 1999). The regions, where mining activities are I,r('sent or continuous for a long tlme, are pote…     

某城地下水地表水联合优化调度管理模型实例

本文阐述了利用响应矩阵法建立地下水、地表水优化调度管理模型的约束条件、并用目标规划法进行管理模型计算的一个实例。这是一个位于黄河之滨的城市,市内有许多名泉。近年来大量开采地下水已使泉水干涸,而黄河水在某些月份含沙量很大,不宜全年开采。本计算求得了这个城市几个水源地与黄河水在一个枯水年(或丰水年)内各月份的优化开采量分配方案,使之既可保证泉水全年喷涌;叉可提供所需水量。     

Managing rice pests with less chemicals

Losses caused by pests remain an important constraint to achieving high rice yields. Potentials of protecting these losses have stimulated innovations in pesticide development. Today the rice pesticide market is valued at US $ 3.0 billion per year. With reducing land available for rice production and increasing demand for food production, attention is turning towards intensification through higher fertilizer inputs and cropping. Such intensifications may in turn increase pest intensities and demand for more pesticides.A large proportion of insecticide sprays administered by rice farmers in Asia is influenced by misperceptions and overestimations of damages. Most farmers apply their first sprays in the first 40 days after crop establishment to control leaf feeding insects. However, these pests do not occur in sufficiently high densities to cause yield loss. Instead, such early season sprays may contribute towards development of secondary pests, such as the brown planthopper. Strategies to reduce insecticide use need to focus on enhancing naturally occurring biological control and understanding farmers' decision making behavior.Most fungicides used in rice are in the sub-tropical countries, like Japan, Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam. An important strategy towards reduction in fungicide use is through host plant resistance and gene deployment strategies. With biotechnology, tools may be used to characterize population structures in order to enhance these strategies. Cultural practices, such as rotations, cultivar mixtures, crop mosaics and planting times are being investigated.As cost of labor increases, farmers are likely to resort to using herbicides. The best way to accomplish weed control is the simultanous application of a variety of practices. These will include cultural, mechanical and chemical methods. The potentials of using naturally occurring enemies, such as plant pathogens, and the use of allelopathy are also being explored.     

青藏高原物质东流的岩石层力学背景探讨

利用地表大地热流观测资料、岩石生热率及热导率数据研究了三江和四川盆地 6个地区的岩石层平均温度结构及强度分布。结果表明 ,整个三江地区岩石层温度较高 ,而四川盆地温度较低 ;在岩石层强度分布上 ,四川盆地为高强度区 ,而三江地区则为低强度区 ;整个三江地区构成了一条青藏高原物质东流的低强度通道 ;由于四川盆地高强度块体的阻挡 ,青藏高原向东的物质流在此转向近南向 ,沿三江地区流逸 ;不同岩石层块体的强度差异可能是控制高原物质流动态势的重要力学背景之一。     

A numerical study on 2-D compressive wave propagation in rock masses with a set of joints along the radial direction normal to the joints

An explosion in a borehole or an accidental explosion in a tunnel will generate a two-dimensional (2-D) compressive wave that travels through the surrounding rock mass. For the problem of 2-D compressive wave propagation in a rock mass with parallel joints in the radial direction normal to the joints, parametric studies on the transmission ratio and the maximum rebound ratio are performed in universal distinct element code. The variation of the transmission ratio with the ratio of joint spacing to wavelength is generalized into a characteristic curve, which can be used as a prediction model for estimating the transmission ratio. The relationship between the maximum rebound ratio and the influence factors is obtained in charts. The charts can be used as a prediction model for estimating the maximum rebound ratio. The proposed prediction models for estimating the transmission ratio and the maximum rebound ratio are applied to a field explosion test, Mandai test in Singapore. The minimum possible values of peak particle velocity (PPV) at the monitoring points are estimated by using the proposed prediction model for estimating the transmission ratio along the radial direction normal to the joints. On the other hand, the maximum possible values of PPV are estimated by using the proposed prediction model for estimating the maximum rebound ratio along the same radial direction. The comparison shows a good agreement between the field-recorded PPVs and the estimated range of PPVs given by the minimum possible PPVs and the maximum possible PPVs at the monitoring points in Mandai test. The good agreement between the estimated and field-recorded values validates the proposed prediction models for estimating peak particle velocity in a rock mass with a set of joints due to application of a compressive wave at the boundary of a tunnel or a borehole.     

辽东湾辽东带中南部古近纪古地貌恢复和演化及其对沉积体系的控制

采用井-震联合地层恢复法，对辽东湾辽东带中南部的古近纪进行了古地貌恢复。在此基础上拓宽了坡折带研究，将古地貌（包括古坡折带、古沟谷、古凸起等）纳入古物源供给系统的框架内探讨其对沉积体系的控制作用。分析表明：在构建完整物源供给系统的前提下，古地貌诸单元及其组合样式对沉积体系有着明显的控制作用。主要表现为：不同级次的物源体系导致沉积体类型和规模存在差异；物源区沟谷的分布及其赋存时期制约着砂体的主要分布位置、时期及规模；坡折带样式决定砂体的类型、规模及分布；古地貌组合样式控制储集体的成因、富集位置和规模大小。因此，古地貌分析对储层的预测和识别具有明显的指导作用。勘探实践证明，将其与常规储层预测方法联用，能够很大程度地提高储层预测的精度。     

利用ARC/INFO进行三维地形模型的建立、处理和动态模拟

介绍了利用 ARC/ INFO建立三维地形模型的方法 ,以及利用其新版本的部分新功能处理三维地形模型、进行动态模拟的方法 ,与以往处理三维模型必须借助外部三维图形开发软件包的方法相比 ,具有高速、灵活、可视性强、支持强大分析功能等优点。形成的三维模型可随时与 ARC/ INFO的其它数据模型交换信息 ,与外部进程实时通讯 ,为使用者提供了二维分析工具所不能提供的信息 ,为开发视景仿真系统等与表面分析、立体显示有关的应用系统提供了强有力的支持。     

岩土工程数值模拟新方法

论述了岩土工程数值模拟的新进展和近年来新出现的数值模拟方法,重点介绍了无网络伽辽金法（ＥＦＧＭ）和数值流形法（ＭＭ）的原理及其在岩土工程中的应用,指出了今后研究的重点方向。     

储层水动力学数值模拟系统的研究及应用

油气在盆地中产生和运移过程中,水动力因素起着重要的控制作用［１］,如何确定这一作用的实际影响,是一个值得研究的问题。通过数学推导,得出储层中的稳态油层和非稳态油层两种情况下的水动力理论模型,并且对水动力圈闭、深度－压力系统和流体势等作出理论模拟,将其用于油气勘探中,结果与实际情况较相符。