祁连山中寒武统牙形石

青海大通中寒武统毛家沟群产丰富的牙形石，共有７属８种，以原牙形石Ｊｉａｎｇｓｈａｎｏｄｕｓａｆ．ｔｒｉａｎｇｕｌｕｓ、Ｇａｐｐａｒｏｄｕｓｂｉｓｕｌｃａｔｕｓ、Ｐｈａｋｅｌｏｄｕｓｔｅｎｕｉｓ占优势，而副牙形石Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｇａａｒｄｏｄｉｎａ、Ｐｒｏｏｎｅｏｔｏｄｕｓ仅有少数个体。与华北和华南相比，这一组合所含副牙形石的比重明显降低，而且缺乏Ｌａｉｗｕｇｎａｔｈｕｓ、Ｆｕｒｎｉｓｈｉｎａ等类型（图版１）。     

瓯江河口输沙模式与应用研究*

本文从河口塑造与输沙关系、流域泄沙与输移模式,以及口外来沙与潮流输移特征等三方面,探讨河口区的泥沙运移规律和补给来源。并在此基础上,提出粗细不同粒级的造床泥沙按不同方式治理的设想。     

A Multiscale Approach for Spatio-Temporal Outlier Detection

A spatial outlier is a spatially referenced object whose thematic attribute values are significantly different from those of other spatially referenced objects in its spatial neighborhood. It represents an object that is significantly different from its neighbourhoods even though it may not be significantly different from the entire population. Here we extend this concept to the spatio‐temporal domain and define a spatial‐temporal outlier (ST‐outlier) to be a spatial‐temporal object whose thematic attribute values are significantly different from those of other spatially and temporally referenced objects in its spatial or/and temporal neighbourhoods. Identification of ST‐outliers can lead to the discovery of unexpected, interesting, and implicit knowledge, such as local instability or deformation. Many methods have been recently proposed to detect spatial outliers, but how to detect the temporal outliers or spatial‐temporal outliers has been seldom discussed. In this paper we propose a multiscale approach to detect ST‐outliers by evaluating the change between consecutive spatial and temporal scales. A four‐step procedure consisting of classification, aggregation, comparison and verification is put forward to address the semantic and dynamic properties of geographic phenomena for ST‐outlier detection. The effectiveness of the approach is illustrated by a practical coastal geomorphic study.     

Exploring The Generation Of Digital Elevation Models From Same-Side Ers Sar Images: Topographic And Temporal Effects

This paper presents an attempt to explore the generation of digital elevation models (DEMs) by radargrammetry from same-side ERS-1/2 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. Two ERS-1 and two ERS-2 C-band (wavelength 5·6 cm) SAR images along parallel descending orbits, acquired in 1996 and 1997, are used to form four stereopairs. The test area is western Hong Kong which is dominated by mountains/hills that are largely covered by evergreen-broadleaf trees. The stereopairs covering the same area but with different time intervals (varying from 16 days to 1·5 years) have an intersection angle of 4·5° and a relatively small overlap of 30% (30 km). In addition to the effect of topography, the effect of temporal correlation on the accuracy of the resulting DEMs is also analysed for the first time. From the experimental results obtained in this study, the following conclusions may be drawn: (a) with same-side ERS-1/2 SAR images, an accuracy of 30 to 35 m is achievable; (b) the accuracy of a resulting DEM degrades almost linearly with an increase in slope when the terrain slope is below 30°, and in the areas with slope over 30°, the accuracy of the DEM is significantly degraded and even becomes unacceptable; (c) the worst accuracy is obtained in the foreslope directions and the best accuracy is obtained in the backslope directions; (d) the time interval between two SAR images has no significant effect on the accuracy of the DEM in general; (e) the time interval between two SAR images has no significant effect on the reliability of image matching.     

空间目标不确定性的表达方法及其在GIS中的应用分析

分析了地理空间目标不确定性的特征和产生机理，建立了空间目标不确定性的分类体系。在此基础上，从方法论的角度分别阐述了处理空间目标不确定性的数学方法，给出了各种数学方法的联系和区别。最后，通过一个实例验证了不同的表达方法可得到不同的结果。     

综合古地理重建的数字智能化趋势与方法进展

古地理重建是研究地质历史时期地表构造过程、海陆格局和地貌环境特征的一项综合研究,并通过绘制表达海洋和大陆的古代轮廓以及重要的地形和地表环境的地图来呈现,是还原地球演化历史、预测能源矿产分布、认识生命和气候演变的基础性工作。随着大数据时代的到来,数字化方法的应用为古地理图快速更新和友好呈现提供了方便。目前,全球有多个团队发布了数字化的全球古地理重建模型以及相关的数据和方法,如EarthByte、PaleoMap、UNIL、Deep Time Maps等团队。笔者研究团队基于“深时数字地球(Deep- time Digital Earth, DDE)”国际大科学计划提出的数据- 知识- 模型驱动的古地理重建思想,提出基于数字化方法驱动的升级更新全球古地理图的新流程,并通过不断尝试地球科学与信息科学的交叉融合,从知识图谱、大数据分析和机器学习技术等方面开发了多项古地理重建应用技术。以东特提斯域中二叠世—中三叠世的古地理重建为例,首先在GPlates软件平台上重建了板块构造框架,再利用岩相古地理图自动生成地形地貌图并结合人工校正,最后在GPlates软件通过图层叠加实现了中二叠世—中三叠世东特提斯域的动态数字综合古地理重建。本用例与广泛使用的Scotese (2021)的古地理图对比,在成图效率、数据丰富性和可追溯性、模型准确性等方面都有明显提升,并为该时期板块运动、冰期消亡、大洋缺氧和生物灭绝等重大地质事件的研究提供新的约束和启示。     

浅谈城市地下空间开发中的地下水控制问题

随着我国经济建设的高速发展,城市土地资源日趋紧张,这种形势迫使越来越多的建筑物往深的方向发展,地下停车场、商业综合体等建、构筑如雨后春笋般出现。随之而来的是地下结构施工过程中受地下水影响也越来越严重,对地下水控制技术的要求也越来越高。本文探讨了城市地下空间中地下水控制的方面存在的主要问题,以复—八线降水工程、雍和宫站降水工程、东四站降水工程、大连地铁星医区间降水工程、李家屿村循环水务示范工程为例,重点介绍了降水—回灌技术,辐射井降水技术,大直径潜孔锤套管成井技术,水泥土咬合桩帷幕堵水技术,三维地质建模技术,地震波成像技术在地下水控制方面的应用情况,为今后城市地下空间开发中的地下水控制提供了有益的借鉴。     

某加油站地下水基础环境调查及健康风险评估

本文以某地下水源保护区内一加油站为典型案例。通过对典型加油站场地及周边水工环地质条件的调查,分析该场地浅层地下水水质特征,建立水流数值模型和溶质运移模型对地下水流场及特征污染物运移进行模拟预测,并在此基础上评价特征污染物对下游水源井所在地周边人群的健康风险。调查结果表明:该加油站监测井地下水质量为V类,有机污染的主要特征指标为甲基叔丁基醚(MTBE);对特征污染物MTBE运移模拟预测可知:800d后,距加油站最近的下游水源井一级保护区内潜水中MTBE将可被检出,1500d后,距加油站最近的下游水源井北侧潜水MTBE浓度将会达到0.04mg/L的水平;健康风险评估的结果显示,该加油站对下游水源井造成的MTBE污染所引发的致癌风险会达到1.2E-06,超过了人体健康致癌风险可接受水平1.0E-06,对人体健康存在风险。该场地关注污染物MTBE的地下水风险控制值应在0.033mg/L以下。     

悬挂式阻水帷幕地下水控制方法探讨——以北京地铁8号线永定门外站为例

以北京地铁8号线永定门外站为例,提出悬挂式帷幕阻水条件下基坑排水量计算方法以及悬挂式帷幕阻水中存在的问题。介绍了3种结合悬挂式帷幕采取的封底阻水措施,即水下灌注混凝土封底,深孔注浆封底以及超高压旋喷桩封底,并分别探讨了其优缺点。提出了悬挂式帷幕阻水结合基坑底部封底阻水的最佳建议方案,以达到有效节约地下水资源、降低工程施工难度和工程造价之目的。