基于居民出行行为的北京市交通碳排放影响机理

近年来低碳城市逐渐成为众多学科关注的焦点所在,国内外学者从多个角度对其开展一系列的理论与实证研究,但从微观层面深入探讨城市交通碳排放的影响机理的研究相对较为缺乏。利用北京市居民活动日志调查获取的第一手数据,基于居民日常出行行为计算微观层面的城市交通碳排放,并采用结构方程模型深入挖掘居住空间、个体行为以及交通碳排放三者之间的内在关系。结果表明,出行距离、机动出行概率对交通碳排放产生显著的正效应,而出行频率的影响并不显著;同时,出行结构的影响要远远大于出行总量的影响。另外,城市空间结构对城市交通碳排放产生显著影响,单位社区居民的出行行为整体具有“低碳”性质,应从低碳视角对单位社区进行重新审视。     

内蒙古半干旱草原能量物质交换的微气象方法估算

根据1998年5～8月和1999年8月在中国科学院内蒙古草原生态系统定位试验站进行微气象观测的资料,作者分析了该地区能量平衡及其各分量的基本特征.结果表明:(1)净辐射通量的转化形式有明显的季节性变化,5～6月份,净辐射能大部分用于感热交换,而后期则多用于潜热交换,5～8月份的日波文比值分别为1.26,1.42,0 41和0.20.(2)观测期间,波文比的日变化特征表现为,早晚变化大不稳定,而白天则相对稳定.(3)用涡度相关方法观测的感热和潜热通量之和与同期的净辐射相比较,前者的结果偏小1 5%左右,两种方法观测到的潜热通量的差异达平均35%左右.(4)半干旱草原CO2通量有明显的日变化,在生长旺期,白天CO2通量强度可达到1.5 mg s-1m-2以上,但在生长后期,1998年和1999年8月份的白天CO2通量强度分别为0.38 mg s-1m-2和0.2 mg s-1m-2左右;其差异与草地土壤水分和植物长势有关.     

南海礼乐盆地沉降史模拟及构造演化特征分析

通过对礼乐盆地构造沉降和总沉降变化的分析,结合盆地地质构造发育的特点,将盆地构造沉降幕式变化与盆地构造演化紧密关联起来,认为盆地的三幕构造沉降与盆地三个构造层的特点和形成演化的三个阶段相对应。同时,论述了区域构造运动与盆地构造沉降、构造特征、形成演化、沉积特征之间的内在联系,揭示了构造活动对沉积的控制作用。     

风沙堆积对多年冻土温度影响的室内试验研究

随着我国高寒区沙漠化问题的日益严重, 由此产生的地表风沙堆积对多年冻土影响的范围和强度越来越大, 但目前风沙堆积对多年冻土温度的影响过程及机理仍不明确, 特别是缺少室内模型试验方面的研究. 通过室内试验模拟了不同厚度的积沙对多年冻土温度的影响. 结果表明:除试验箱气温为正负温过渡阶段外, 当试验箱气温为负温时期, 积沙冻土的中上层温度比无积沙冻土高, 且沙层越厚温度越高, 但均为负温, 整个土层仍对应冻结状态; 当试验箱气温为正温时期, 积沙冻土的中上层温度比无积沙冻土低, 且沙层越厚温度越低, 而正温阶段对应冻土融化时期, 积沙的降温作用可延缓冻土的融化. 在3个冻融循环周期内, 积沙冻土的底面平均温度均比无积沙冻土低, 且沙层越厚, 冻土底面温度波幅越小.     

中国生态系统研究网络水体pH和矿化度监测数据初步分析

介绍了中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)陆地生态系统水环境监测指标与频率。初步分析了CERN 31个典型陆地生态系统监测地表水和地下水、6个湖泊和海湾生态系统、1个城市生态系统地下水体pH、矿化度(电导率)状况。结果表明,我国森林生态系统pH和矿化度分布规律基本一致,为从西向东、从北向南逐渐降低的趋势,pH在鼎湖山自然保护区出现强酸性(4.15),其他台站为弱碱性、中性或弱酸性(6.01~8.26),森林生态系统矿化度均较低(33~322 mg/L)。我国农田、荒漠、湿地生态系统水体pH和矿化度分布规律为:华北与黄土农业区、西北绿洲农业与牧业区相对较高,东北农业区和青藏高原农牧区其次,南方农业区最低;除南方农业生态系统与北方三江湿地生态系统水体pH为弱酸性(6.27~6.82)外,其他监测水体均为中性和弱碱性,500 mg/L以上矿化度水体主要出现在西北部荒漠生态系统,黄河冲积平原农业生态系统。湖泊、海湾生态系统水体和北京城市生态系统地下水pH均为弱碱性,海湾水体pH季节波动不明显,湖泊水体和北京城市地下水pH和电导率呈明显季节波动,湖泊水体pH表现为夏秋季节较高,电导率表现为6~9月较低;北京城市地下水pH为...     

Effects of Jpeg Compression on the Accuracy of Digital Terrain Models Automatically Derived from Digital Aerial Images

It is well recognised that data volume represents a huge overhead for softcopy photogrammetry. For example, a file size of 100 Mbytes will be generated from a black and white aerial photograph if digitised with a resolution of 20μm. Large data volumes not only create storage problems but also affect the speed of image processing. As a consequence, data compression of image data is a matter of great significance. This paper describes an investigation into the effects of image compression on the accuracy of digital terrain models (DTMs) extracted from the compressed images. The JPEG system implemented in the Z/I Imaging ImageStation digital photogrammetric workstation (DPW) was used in the study. A systematic test has been carried out on the effect of different levels of JPEG compression (with Q-factors from 1 to 100) on the resulting DTM, which is automatically generated by the DPW using Match-T software. An analysis of the results from the two sites tested shows that image compression tends to cause more significant degradation when the image texture is richer, but that recommendations on Q-factors for use with the ImageStation appear to err on the side of caution. This analysis leads to some tentative conclusions and recommendations both for future investigation and for photogrammetric practice.     

Statistical characteristics of chlorophylla concentration in Hong Kong’s coastal waters

In this paper seven of the ten Water Control Zones (WCZs) in Hong Kong’s coastal waters with monthly or bi-weekly sampling data of 17 parameters collected at 37 monitoring stations from 1988 to 1999 were selected to analyze the spatial and temporal variations of chlorophyll-a and its influencing factors. Cluster analysis was employed to group the monitoring stations based on the structure of the data set. Multiple step regression was employed to determine the significant influencing factors of chlorophyll-a level. The results suggest that all the monitoring stations could be grouped into two clusters. Cluster I with frequent red tide incidents comprises two WCZs which are semi-enclosed bays. Cluster II with less red tide occurrence comprises the other five WCZs in an estuarine environment in the west. For both clusters, the organic contents indicator, BOD5, was a common significant influencing factor of the chlorophyll-a level. Nitrogen and light penetration condition related to turbidity, total volatile solids and suspended solids had more influence on the cholophyll-a level in Cluster I than in Cluster II, while phosphorus and oceanographic conditions associated with salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH were more important in Cluster II than in Cluster I. Generally, there was a higher average chlorophyll-a level in winter and autumn in a year. The chlorophyll-a level was much higher in Cluster I than in Cluster II among all seasons. Although the chlorophyll-a concentration had great variations from place to place in Hong Kong’s coastal waters, it seemed to have a common long term fluctuation period of 8–10 years with a high-low-high variation in the period in the whole region, which might be influenced by other factors of global scale.     

Comparison of Ozone Fluxes over a Maize Field Measured with Gradient Methods and the Eddy Covariance Technique

Ozone(O_3) fluxes were measured over a maize field using the eddy covariance(EC) technique and gradient methods.The main objective was to evaluate the performance of the gradient methods for measuring the O_3 flux by comparing them with the EC O_3 flux.In this study,turbulent exchange coefficients(K) calculated with three methods were compared.These methods were the aerodynamic gradient(AG) method(in which K is calculated by using wind speed and temperature gradients),the aerodynamic gradient combined with EC(AGEC) method,in which the friction velocity and other variables are based on EC measurements,and the modified Bowen ratio using the EC sensible heat flux and temperature gradient(MBR) method.Meanwhile,the effects of the measurement and calculation methods of the O_3 concentration gradient were analyzed.The results showed that:(1) on average,the transfer coefficient computed by the MBR method was 40% lower,and the coefficient determined with the AG method was 25% higher,than that determined with the AGEC method.(2) The gradient method's O_3 fluxes with the MBR,AGEC,and AG methods were 30.4% lower,11.7% higher,and 45.6% higher than the EC O_3 flux,respectively.(3) The effect of asynchronous O_3 concentration measurements on the O_3 gradient must be eliminated when using one analyzer to cyclically measure two-level O_3 concentrations.The accuracy of gradient methods for O_3 flux is related to the exchange coefficient calculation method,and its precision mainly depends on the quality of the O_3 gradient.     

Geotectonic Settings of Large and Superlarge Mineral Deposits on the Southwestern Margin of the North China Plate

The geotectonic setting refers to the three-dimensional space and related events based on which a metallogenic system is formed and an ore-forming process takes place. This paper discusses the tectonic evolution of the southwestern margin of the North China paleocontinent and related geotectonic settings in which large or superlarge deposits are formed. Emphasis is put on the geodynamic conditions of the Jinchuan nickel-copper deposit, the Baiyin copper-polymetallic deposit and the Hanshan gold deposit. It is significant that the three deposits occur together as a "trinity" on the same paleocontinental margin. The Jinchuan nickel-copper deposit was formed during the early stage of rifting of the paleocontinental margin; the Baiyin copper-polymetallic deposit was formed during the splitting stage of a continental-margin arc. The continental-margin arc spitting resulted in an "island arc rift" in the early stage of evolution. The Hanshan gold deposit was formed within the Altun sinistral strike-slip fault     

LOCAL SCOUR DEPTH AROUND SPURS IN THE LOWER YELLOW RIVER

1 INTRODUCTION The Lower Yellow River is a suspended river channel bed much higher than the adjacent ground behind the dikes, well known all over the world. The floods flow east into the sea under the constraints of dikes. The safety of the dikes or embankments mainly relies on the protection provided by the river training works that have been constructed and maintained for several thousand years. There are three types of river training works and they are spurs, guide banks, and reve…