Measurements of PM<Subscript>10</Subscript> ions and trace gases with the online system MARGA at the research station Melpitz in Germany – A five-year study

An hourly quantification of inorganic water-soluble PM₁₀ ions and corresponding trace gases was performed using the Monitor for AeRosols and Gases in ambient Air (MARGA) at the TROPOS research site in Melpitz, Germany. The data availability amounts to over 80% for the five-year measurement period from 2010 to 2014. Comparisons were performed for the evaluation of the MARGA, resulting in coefficients of determinations (slopes) of 0.91 (0.90) for the measurements against the SO₂ gas monitor, 0.84 (0.88), 0.79 (1.39), 0.85 (1.20) for the ACSM NO₃ ^?, SO₄ ^2? and NH₄ ⁺ measurements, respectively, and 0.85 (0.65), 0.88 (0.68), 0.91 (0.83), 0.86 (0.82) for the filter measurements of Cl^?, NO₃ ^?, SO₄ ^2? and NH₄ ⁺, respectively. A HONO comparison with a batch denuder shows large scatter (R² = 0.41). The MARGA HNO₃ is underestimated compared to a batch and coated denuder with shorter inlets (slopes of 0.16 and 0.08, respectively). Less NH₃ was observed in coated denuders for high ambient concentrations. Long-time measurements show clear daily and seasonal variabilities. Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) analysis indicates the emission area of particulate ions Cl^?, NO₃ ^?, SO₄ ^2?, NH₄ ⁺, K⁺ and gaseous SO₂ to lie in eastern European countries, predominantly in wintertime. Coarse mode sea salt particles are transported from the North Sea to Melpitz. The particles at Melpitz are nearly neutralised with a mean molar ratio of 0.90 for the five-year study. A slight increase of the neutralization ratio over the last three years indicates a stronger decrease of the anthropogenically emitted NO₃ ^? and SO₄ ^2? compared to NH₄ ⁺.     

THE BRIGHT SURGE-LIKE SPIKE AT THE SOLAR LIMB SEPTEMBER 24, 1991

The 1N/M6.1 limb-flare-associated surge-spike phenomenon of 24 September, 1991 is investigated using H filtergrams taken at Kandilli Observatory. The kinematics and the morphological features of the moving plasma are discussed. Radio and soft X-ray bursts, ionospheric, and magnetic disturbances are detected in the oscillatory motions during the surge phenomenon.     

Linear flow behaviour of matched joints – case study on standard JRC profiles

Roughness on rock joints produces a variable aperture across the joints and increases the flow path length. These conditions should be taken into account for a good approximation from cubic law. In this paper, the concept of local true aperture and tortuosity is applied to assumed joints where surfaces are matched to each other and correspond with standard Joint Roughness Coefficient (JRC) profiles. Furthermore, the hydraulic behaviour of JRC profiles is studied by a new laboratory experiment setup. The analytical approach provides new insights into the effects of roughness on hydraulic properties of rock joints. The results indicate that for a constant mechanical aperture, both the minimum local aperture and hydraulic aperture decrease with increasing JRC. Furthermore, tortuosity and standard deviation of local true aperture increase with JRC increment. The trend obtained between different parameters and JRC shows an obvious fluctuation for JRC lower than 10. On one hand, the results of this study along with a critical review of previous studies demonstrate that JRC profiles cannot present a precise roughness increment when JRC is less than 10. A new laboratory setup was designed to study the flow behaviour of JRC profiles. The results obtained from laboratory experiments under linear flow conditions validate the accuracy of the applied analytical method.     

A late Precambrian (∼ 710 Ma) high volcanicity rift in the southern Eastern Desert of Egypt

The late Precambrian Shadli Metavolcanics of SE Egypt constitute a slightly metamorphosed bimodal sequence that has been previously interpreted as manifesting volcanic activity at an island arc. We report the first Rb-Sr geochronologic, trace element (including REE), and Nd isotopic data for these rocks. Two types of basalt are recognized, the stratigraphically lower suite having compositions like N-MORB ferrobasalt while the overlying basalt is similar to slightly fractionated E-MORB. The two basalt types were derived from melting of a strongly depleted source, most likely within the upper 60–75 km of the upper mantle. The origin of the felsic melts is problematic, and these could either have fractionated from a mafic melt or resulted from melting of juvenile crust. The mafic and felsic lavas yield a Rb-Sr isochron age of 712±24 Ma that probably represents the time of volcanic eruption. The trace element characteristics of both mafic and felsic members of the Shadli Metavolcanics show few of the hallmarks of subduction-related melts, and we reject the hypothesis that these formed at an island arc. Instead, the field and geochemical data are most consistent with the hypothesis that these rocks originated in a magmatic rift, where the eruption of large volumes of lava accompanied large-scale lithospheric extension. This inference suggests that the tectonic setting of the important 700–715 Ma crust-forming event in NE Africa and Arabia needs to be critically reexamined.

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Zusammenfassung Die spätpräkambrischen Shadli-Metavulkanite in der südöstlichen Eastern Desert von Ägypten sind eine schwach metamorphe bimodale Basalt-Rhyodazit-Abfolge, die bisher als Ausdruck eines Inselbogen-Vulkanismus gedeutet wurde. Zwei Basalt-Typen können aufgrund ihrer unterschiedlichen chemischen Zusammensetzung unterschieden werden: der stratigraphisch untere Typ ist ein N-MORB ähnlicher Ferrobasalt, während der überlagernde Typ Charakteristika eines leicht fraktionierten E-MORB aufweist. Die beiden Basaltvarietäten werden von stark an inkompatiblen Elementen verarmten Schmelzen aus den oberen 60–75 km des Mantels abgeleitet. Die Entstehung der sauren Metavulkanite ist nicht eindeutig geklärt; sowohl Fraktionierung aus einer mafischen Schmelze als auch Aufschmelzung juveniler Kruste vom Inselbogen-Typ sind denkbar. Die mafischen und felsischen Gesteine definieren zusammen ein Rb-Sr-Isochronenalter von 712 ± 24 Ma, das wir als den Zeitraum der Eruption deuten. Die Spurenelement-Verteilung der Shadli-Metavulkanite weist keine der charakteristischen Merkmale von Subduktionsmagmatismus auf, und wir sehen daher keinen direkten Zusammenhang mit einer Inselbogen-Entwicklung. Wir interpretieren den Shadli-Vulkanismus als Resultat eines Riftprozesses in junger kontinentaler Kruste, ähnlich dem Rio Grande-Rift oder dem Afar-Dreieck, wo starke Lithosphärendehnung die Förderung großer Lavamengen ermöglichte. Diese Interpretation stellt das einfache Schema einer panafrikanischen Krustenbildung durch Inselbogen-Addition im arabisch-nubischen Schild in Frage und erfordert eine Neubewertung bisheriger Modellvorstellungen.

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Résumé Les roches volcaniques faiblement métamorphisées du Précambrien tardif de Shadli dans le Sud-Est de l'Egypte se caractérisent par une séquence bimodale qui était jusqu'ici interprétée comme résultant d'un volcanisme d'arc insulaire. Nous présentons ici les premières données isotopiques (Rb-Sr, Nd) obtenues pour ces roches ainsi que des données d'éléments en trace (y compris les Terres Rares). Deux types principaux de basaltes peuvent être distingués: les basaltes qui se trouvent dans la partie inférieure de la colonne stratigraphique, ont une composition comparable aux ferrobasaltes de type N-MORB, tandis que les roches se trouvant dans la partie supérieure de la séquence s'apparentent plutôt aux E-MORB légèrement fractionnés. Les deux types de basalte proviennent de la fusion partielle d'un manteau fortement appauvri, et ce à une profondeur probable de 60 à 75 km dans le manteau supérieur. L'origine des laves acides pose, quant à elle, quelques problèmes: elles peuvent s'être formées par cristallisation fractionnée à partir d'un liquide basique, ou alors elles sont le produit de la fusion partielle d'une croûte juvénile. La combinaison des données Rb-Sr obtenues pour les roches acides et basiques permet l'obtention d'une isochrone définissant un âge de 712 ± 24 Ma. Cet âge est interprété comme datant les éruptions volcaniques. Les données d'éléments en traces obtenues pour les laves basiques et acides ne présentent aucune des caractéristiques associées au volcanisme d'arc insulaire. Par conséquent, nous rejetons l'hypothèse selon laquelle les roches volcaniques de Shadli se seraient formées dans un contexte d'arc insulaire. Les données géochimiques et de terrain seraient plutôt en accord avec une hypothèse selon laquelle les roches volcaniques métamorphiques de Shadli se seraient formées dans une zone de rift où de très volumineux épanchements de laves auraient succédé à une extension à grande échelle de la lithosphère. Cette interprétation des données nous conduit à suggérer un réexamen critique du contexte tectonique entourant la période de formation crustale se situant entre 700 a 715 Ma, dans le nord-est de l'Afrique ainsi qu'en Arabie.

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Shadli, - , — , . : , N — MORB MORB, . , , 60–75 . ; , . , Rb/Sr, 712 ± 24 . , . Shadli ; , Shadli, , , , . - ; .

     

An application of network design procedures for redesigning Kizilirmak River basin raingauge network,Turkey

ABSTRACT

Recently developed rainfall network design techniques are discussed and compared. Present day hydrological studies require high levels of accuracy from collected data. Also, scientists need to know the degree of accuracy of the information they use. The existing rainfall network in the Kizilirmak basin must be redesigned in order to meet the required level of accuracy preset by rainfall data users. The three following techniques were applied: optimum interpolation procedure which is a flexible method; variance of mean areal rainfall; and the analysis of variance. The existing network of 52 gauges is redesigned so that the network will have an average root mean square error (rmse) of ? 32 mm and the percentage of the area with rmse > 36 mm is limited to 10%. It is found that the proposed criteria are satisfied by a network of 53 gauges of which eight were newly established and seven of the existing ones removed.     

联合机制下黏土垫层多离子扩散模型

扩散是工程领域中的一种重要现象,尤其是针对填埋场底部的压实黏土垫层。扩散过程受多种因素影响,如离子种类、离子价态和离子浓度等,因此建立准确的扩散模型对填埋场垫层系统设计和评估具有极其重要的意义。引入简化的Guntelberg活度系数表示真实溶液与理想溶液浓度值的偏差,采用化学势和扩散势共同表征多离子扩散的驱动力,并考虑黏土介质特有的半透膜性能对离子扩散规律的影响,建立了复杂机制联合作用下多组分并存时离子在黏土垫层中的扩散模型。采用多物理场仿真软件COMSOL Multiphysics对所建扩散模型进行数值求解,结果表明,黏土半透膜效应、溶液非理想性和扩散势均显著影响多离子扩散行为,考虑黏土半透膜效应及溶液非理想性条件下,多离子扩散进程明显减缓,考虑扩散势时,阳离子扩散速度显著提高。复杂机制联合作用下,多离子扩散规律并非单一影响机制的简单叠加,各机制之间相互制约共同影响多离子扩散行为。     

不同温度应力路径下饱和黏土剪切特性

在精准温控动三轴试验系统上开展了不同温度及不同升温路径饱和黏土剪切试验研究,探讨了不同温度对饱和软黏土不排水剪切特性的影响,分析不同升温固结方式对饱和软黏土孔压发展、体变、强度以及模量的影响规律。试验结果显示：在4～76 ℃试验研究范围内,环境温度升高导致饱和软黏土的不排水剪切强度有所减少,但温度升高对土体模量增加影响明显,温度T和模量ET关系可用ET = 2.69T 0.3表达;升温变化时正常固结黏土产生超孔隙水压力并随着温度增大而增大,升温热固结后土的剪切强度将明显提高,且排水状态下升温固结对土剪切强度增长小于升温完成后再固结情况;土体从26 ℃分别升高20、40 ℃时,升温引起的超孔压比分别为0.41、0.61,剪切峰值强度分别增加8.23%、22.37%。研究表明：升温幅值增大会使土体热固结程度越大,升温分级越多,热固结也越充分,其对应的体变、强度增长率则越大;同时最终温度及热固结路径对其剪切相转换特征存在影响,升温越高、热固结路径越多其剪胀性越明显,但温度变化范围、固结分级、热固结路径总体上对孔隙水压力的发展基本不产生影响。     

周期性四组元局域共振桩带隙特征及隔振性能研究

基于既有的三组元局域共振结构,考虑到岩土材料流塑性及弹塑性特征,提出一种由管桩、软体层、桩芯和基体组成的四组元局域共振桩结构,并基于周期性理论,利用频散曲线分析了管桩密度、弹性模量、厚度对四组元结构带隙特征影响。研究发现：相比于无管桩的三组元结构,带管桩的四组元结构更加容易出现完全带隙,且管桩只对带隙上边界产生影响;相比于管桩密度,管桩弹性模量可对四组元结构带隙产生质变影响,影响程度更大;通过四组元结构带隙边界点模态分析,确立了四组元结构带隙计算公式。通过时域分析发现,相比于三组元结构,四组元结构在带隙内振动衰减效果可提升近30%,其内在原因是四组元结构中管桩提高了基体整体刚度,从而有效地预防了基体“击穿”带及泄露波的出现。相关研究可为新型局域共振结构设计及隔振效果改善提供新思路。     

东非鲁武马盆地海底旋回坎沉积演化及控制因素

鲁武马盆地海底水道—朵体过渡带具有高波脊和深刻槽相间的旋回坎地貌。利用高品质的三维地震资料,借助多种地震解释技术,对水道—朵体过渡带内不同期次旋回坎的形态、尺度、移动方式开展细致描述,分析多期旋回坎演化规律。研究结果表明,鲁武马盆地海底水道—朵体过渡带内主要发育三期旋回坎,同一期次旋回坎内部地震反射连续性较差,同相轴以叠瓦状方式向迎流面倾斜。不同期次旋回坎的反射同相轴之间呈角度接触。北部中期旋回坎相对早期向陆迁移,晚期旋回坎沉积于南部,形成南、北迥异的地貌形态。水道—朵体过渡带的北部平均波长低于南部,平均波高北部比南部大得多,反映了多期迁移叠置旋回坎的演化。