黏性岩土的化学渗透效应及其研究进展

化学渗透现象引起的"耦合流"研究,已广泛应用于地球科学、环境科学和土木工程等多个领域。回顾了自20世纪50年代以来化学渗透以及黏土半透膜效应的研究进展。分别从理论基础、试验研究和数值模型等3个方面综述了黏土岩土的化学渗透效应的理论及其研究进展,重点阐述了化学渗透现象及其黏土半透膜效应的室内试验、场地试验及野外证据以及化学渗透"耦合流"的不连续模型和连续模型。指出今后应重点研究黏性土化学渗透效应对地下水流及溶质运移的影响研究。这将有利于我国进一步开展考虑化学渗透效应的地下水数值模拟研究。     

吸附离子对粉质粘土及改良土特性的影响

利用疏浚土有机质含量高、吸附能力强和低渗透性等特点,探讨将其作为填埋场黏土衬垫改性材料的可能性。针对粘土垫层所关心渗透性及强度两个基本问题,比较了粉质黏土、改良土（粉质黏土添加疏浚土）吸附离子前后的变化。吸附K+、Cu2+后粉质黏土、改良土的渗透系数随着土中离子含量的增加而增大,但对改良土渗透系数的影响要小于粉质黏土;吸附离子后,粉质黏土摩擦角增幅不大,黏聚力有较大增长,而改良土的黏聚力增长较少,摩擦角增长较快。总体而言,添加一定量的疏浚土能改善吸附离子对黏土垫层的影响。采用SEM电镜试验拍摄了离子吸附前后土体微观结构的变化,并从扩散双电层理论出发,解释了吸附离子对粉质黏土及改良土的影响。     

混合重金属离子侵蚀饱和黏性土渗透特性试验研究

渗透特性是表征黏性土层防渗能力及防污性能的关键控制因素,黏土衬垫渗透系数的正确选择对保证垫层的防污效果具有极其重要的意义。采用柔性壁渗透仪,通过室内试验研究了混合重金属离子共存情况下侵蚀饱和黏性土的渗透特性变化规律。试验结果表明,将可溶性铜、铬离子混合与铜、锰离子混合溶液作为渗液,黏性土渗透性均随着掺入离子浓度比例的增大而逐渐增强,且相同试验条件下,铜、铬离子混合溶液作为渗液测得的黏土渗透系数值大于铜、锰离子混合溶液作为渗液测得的渗透系数值。混合重金属离子的存在削弱了黏土垫层作为工程防污屏障服役的能力,并对黏土层的水力传导性起到了劣化作用。试验土样微观结构分析表明,渗液特性的改变影响了土样内部的微观结构,随着渗液混合离子质量比的增大,土样中出现了凝聚体且有效输运孔隙通道增大,与宏观渗透特性的变化规律相吻合。研究结果能够为有效评估黏土防污屏障的防渗隔污能力及研究堆场渗液在黏土垫层中的运移机制提供参考。     

高饱和条件下水-力-化耦合模型及数值模拟

填埋场底部黏土垫层特性对其长期防渗隔污服役性能的有效发挥具有极其重要的作用。针对实际堆场中黏土屏障呈现出的高饱和状态,将液相(孔隙水)与气相(闭塞气泡)视为混合流体,通过分别建立土体应力平衡方程、混合流体质量守恒方程及溶质质量守恒方程,综合考虑土颗粒-孔隙流体-溶质间的相互作用机制,推导得到了高饱和度条件下,溶质在黏土防渗层中运移的水-力-化全耦合模型,能够实现多物理场耦合作用时土层变形量、混合流体压力及溶质溶度随时空分布的直接精确求解。采用多场耦合有限元分析软件COMSOL对所建模型开展数值模拟,结果表明,模型结果与Peters所得结果吻合较好;黏土垫层中可压缩性气体的存在延缓了超孔隙流体压力的消散,加大了土层的沉降量,对溶质在防渗黏土层中的运移进程起到了显著的阻滞效果。     

非等温条件下有机污染物在粘土衬垫中的扩散分析

填埋场中垃圾降解作用产生的热量在黏土衬垫中的运移会形成温度场,温度场会对污染物的运移产生影响。文章在多孔介质热力学理论和污染物运移理论相结合的基础上,主要考虑温度场对污染物扩散的影响,建立了非等温条件下有机污染物在黏土衬垫中的一维扩散模型,并采用分离变量法得到了模型的解析解。基于文中模型,对比了非等温条件和等温条件下有机污染物在黏土衬垫中的运移。非等温条件的黏土衬垫底部浓度比等温条件下的浓度大,非等温模型比等温模型更偏于安全。解析解可为实验数据的拟合及分析、衬垫的设计提供参考。进一步的参数分析表明:增大阻滞因子Rd和黏土厚度L可以减小黏土衬垫底部由温度梯度引起的有机污染物浓度。     

复合衬层中变系数有机污染物迁移规律分析

土工膜和下伏压实黏土组成的复合衬层已被广泛用作填埋场的防渗屏障系统。有机污染物在复合衬层中迁移时,其主要运移机制是扩散作用。假设有机污染物在土工膜中稳态扩散,并假设在下伏衬层中扩散系数为迁移距离的线性函数,且考虑降解作用的影响,建立了有机污染物在复合衬层中的一维扩散模型,针对零浓度下边界条件,获得了模型解析解。基于该解析解,分析讨论了相关参数的敏感性。结果表明,相关参数对计算结果影响很大,降解半衰期对污染物运移同样存在较大影响。该解析模型仅适用于有机污染物在两层复合衬垫中的迁移问题,可为填埋场的初步设计提供参考     

非等温条件下有机污染物在黏土衬垫中的扩散分析

填埋场中垃圾降解作用产生的热量在黏土衬垫中的运移会形成温度场,温度场会对污染物的运移产生影响。文章在多孔介质热力学理论和污染物运移理论相结合的基础上,主要考虑温度场对污染物扩散的影响,建立了非等温条件下有机污染物在黏土衬垫中的一维扩散模型,并采用分离变量法得到了模型的解析解。基于文中模型,对比了非等温条件和等温条件下有机污染物在黏土衬垫中的运移。非等温条件的黏土衬垫底部浓度比等温条件下的浓度大,非等温模型比等温模型更偏于安全。解析解可为实验数据的拟合及分析、衬垫的设计提供参考。进一步的参数分析表明:增大阻滞因子Rd和黏土厚度L可以减小黏土衬垫底部由温度梯度引起的有机污染物浓度。     

大变形黏土防渗层中的污染物迁移和转化规律研究

国内湖泊疏浚污染底泥堆场一般以较厚的黏土层作为主要防渗层,由于在上覆底泥作用下黏土层会发生较大的固结变形,因此,在研究黏土防渗层中的污染物运移和转化规律时,应该考虑土体变形的影响。基于Gibson一维大变形固结理论和饱和多孔介质中的污染物对流扩散方程,建立了二者耦合的可变形多孔介质中污染物的运移和转化模型,其中首次考虑了土体自重和生物降解作用的影响。利用所建立模型的数值解,研究了在可变形黏土防渗层中的污染物运移和转化规律,同时分析了模型中不同项和主要参数的作用和影响。研究结果表明,土体大变形对黏土防渗层中污染物的运移有着较复杂的影响,一方面土体变形会加速污染物的运移;另一方面土体固结带来的渗透性减小会增加污染物的穿透时间,二者的不同作用取决于众多的影响因素,如土层厚度和吸附作用等。研究结果对于评估天然黏土防渗层对污染物的阻隔作用有重要的指导意义。     

水平荷载下桩身侧阻抗力矩的作用机制与计算模型研究

为探讨摩阻力增强效应影响下的水平受荷桩承载机制,建立了水平荷载作用下考虑增强效应影响的桩侧摩阻力τ-s曲线模型,并在此基础上推导了桩身单位长度侧阻抗力矩数值解。随后开展了桩径、临界位移、极限侧摩阻力等因素影响下Ms,ini/Msu,ini-θ/θref,ini无量纲化曲线规律分析。结合摩阻力增强效应理论进而分别建立了线弹性-塑性、双曲线、API规范砂土与黏土τ-s曲线模型作用下的桩身侧阻抗力矩简化理论解,并基于传递矩阵法原理,解得了考虑桩侧摩阻力作用时基桩水平承载力半解析解。通过多组验证工况和工程实例分析验证了所建立的侧阻抗力矩简化解以及考虑侧阻抗力矩影响的基桩水平承载力方法的正确性,同时也证明了摩阻力增强效应对基桩水平承载力的影响不能忽略,并得出如下结论:无试验数据参考时,砂土、黏土与桩接触面的刚度指数可分别取0.725和0.600;桩身侧阻抗力矩随着桩径、极限摩阻力的增加以及临界位移的减小而增加,其中桩径对侧阻抗力矩影响更为明显。     

孔隙溶液对粉质黏土界限含水率的影响

针对桂林地区的粉质黏土,运用液、塑限联合测定法探讨了不同孔隙溶液作用下土体的界限含水率,并利用扫描电镜（SEM）技术从微观层面分析了水化学环境变异下土体的水化学-力学耦合作用对结构特性造成的影响。试验结果表明,随着孔隙溶液浓度的增大,粉质黏土的界限含水率均减小,且在相同浓度下同价阳离子半径较小的水溶液使得粉质黏土界限含水率下降的较为明显,随着阳离子价位的增高,其下降的幅度更大;该现象的产生主要是由于离子浓度及离子价位的增大,使得扩散双电层的厚度减小,而双电层对于土体界限含水率存在直接的控制作用。除此以外,通过探测土体的微观结构发现,水化学-力学耦合作用使得粉质黏土颗粒间发生絮凝作用,致使土粒形成粒团,土颗粒间孔隙增大,架空孔隙变多。     

An analytical solution for one-dimensional contaminant diffusion through multi-layered system and its applications

An analytical solution for one-dimensional contaminant diffusion through multi-layered media is derived regarding the change of the concentration of contaminants at the top boundary with time. The model accounts for the arbitrary initial conditions and the conditions of zero concentration and zero mass flux on the bottom boundary. The average degree of diffusion of the layered system is introduced on the basis of the solution. The results obtained by the presented analytical solutions agree well with those obtained by the numerical methods presented in the literature papers. The application of the analytical solution to the problem of landfill liner design is illustrated by considering a composite liner consisting of geomembrane and compacted clay liner. The results show that the 100-year mass flux of benzene at the bottom of the composite liner is 45 times higher than that of acetone for the same composite liner. The half-life of the contaminant has a great influence on the solute flux of benzene diffused into the underlying aquifer. Results also indicates that an additional 2.9–5.0 m of the conventional (untreated) compacted clay liner under the geomembrane is required to achieve the same level of protection as provided by 0.60 m of the Hexadecyltrimethylammonium (HDTMA)-treated compacted clay liners in conjunction with the geomembrane. Applications of the solution are also presented in the context of a contaminated two-layered media to demonstrate that different boundary and initial conditions can greatly affect the decontamination rate of the problem. The method is relatively simple to apply and can be used for performing equivalency analysis of landfill liners, preliminary design of groundwater remediation system, evaluating experimental results, and verifying more complex numerical models.     

Multi-dimensional chemo-osmotic consolidation of clays

A model of chemo-osmotic consolidation of clays in multi-dimensional domains is presented, with volumetric strains induced by both changes in the chemistry and osmotically driven pore water flow considered. Three fully coupled governing equations considering force equilibrium, pore water transport and chemical transport are presented and solved using the transient finite element method. The proposed approach is verified via consideration of chemo-osmotic consolidation of a compacted clay landfill liner and then applied to investigation of a hypothetical case with a local leachate leak in the compacted clay liner. An assessment of the impact of the two-dimensional nature of the system is made. The consolidation process is found to be dominated by osmotic consolidation in the early stages and subsequently by chemical consolidation. It is found that the surface settlement and the leachate concentration in the compacted clay liner may be highly overestimated by a one-dimensional analysis. Moreover, the peak negative excess pore pressure predicted by the two-dimensional solution remains in a shallow region under the leak while in the one-dimensional solution it moves progressively downwards.     

Response of landfill clay liners to extended periods of freezing

This paper presents the results of a physical model study of the performance of landfill clay cover liners subjected to extended freezing periods. Three proposed designs for a prototype cover liner were evaluated with a primary objective being the determination of frost penetration resulting from the sub-freezing temperatures imposed as an upper boundary condition to the model. The ultimate performance of the three liner designs were compared on the basis of frost penetration, leakage through the liner, and frost heave. The observed depth of frost penetration was compared to that predicted using a simplified analytical solution of the thermodynamic problem, in addition to measured field behavior.

The laboratory experiment utilizes a 1.8 m² tank, of ca 2.1 m depth. The tank is loaded with clay to the specifications required for landfill liners. Three different landfill cover liner designs were modeled in the experimental tank. The performance of the three designs, as measured by a variety of observations, were compared. Frost heave was measured for each design and was found to vary between 3.8 and 4.3 cm. The results indicate the depth of frost penetration was similar for all designs tested (29.2–31.7 cm), although the design which included a soil drainage layer had superior leakage performance.     

The 14-year Performance of a Compacted Clay Liner used as Part of a Composite Liner System for a Leachate Lagoon

The migration of contaminants through a 2.9 m thick compacted clay liner (CCL) for a landfill leachate lagoon is examined 14 years after construction. The clay liner formed the lower portion of the composite liner system but the geomembrane (GM) was found to have defects that had allowed leachate to migrate between the GM and CCL. Chloride, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium pore water profiles through the CCL are examined. It is shown that chloride migrated approximately 1.7 m into the CCL during the 14 years of the lagoon operation, sodium approximately 1.2 m, and potassium 0.7 m. Diffusion and sorption data from laboratory diffusion testing are utilized in combination with a finite layer contaminant transport model to predict field contaminant migration profiles through the composite liner system and to establish the time of ‘failure’ of the geomembrane at sometime between 0 and 6 years after installation. Relatively high sorptive uptake of potassium by the CCL soil is observed from batch testing and diffusion testing with field data suggesting an even larger amount of sorption. It is hypothesized that organic sludge matter at the base of the lagoon is responsible for potassium uptake from the leachate. This field case highlights the importance of the compacted clay liner as part of the composite liner system in acting as a diffusion barrier during the lifetime of the lagoon as well as using relatively non-conservative contaminants such as chloride and sodium to estimate geomembrane ‘failure’ times     

基于混合物理论的水力-化学-力学污染物输运模型研究

由于废弃物的堆积以及填埋场上覆盖层的重量,衬垫因此承受一定的压力,发生力学固结;由于黏土本身的结构特性,当污染物通过黏土垫层时可能会发生化学固结,而固结作用可直接对污染物的对流输运产生影响,也会引起土层体积和结构的变化,从而改变其固有的输运性质。从混合物理论出发,建立了水力-化学-力学作用下的溶质输运理论框架,统一地描述了水力-化学-力学作用下变形、水的吸附或解吸附、对流和扩散现象。将输运系数考虑为有效孔隙率的函数,由此反映固结对输运参数的影响。对所建立的数学模型进行无量纲化处理,并使用有限元软件COMSOL Multiphysics进行求解,最后进行了参数分析。研究结果表明,垫层土体中吸附水和自由水之间的化学势差异越大,层间吸附水的解吸附量越大;当土体的软硬性质不同时,当层间吸附水解吸附后,土体固结程度不同,从而对污染物输运过程的影响不同。而当垫层上覆荷载增大时,土体宏观孔隙的扩张的限制作用增强,从而对土体产生一种修复作用,抑制污染物在土体中的输运。     

加肋土工膜衬垫系统稳定性分析

针对填埋场衬垫系统薄弱界面容易失稳,在加肋土工膜与砂土界面力学机制分析的基础上,改进了传统双楔体分析法,考虑了加肋土工膜肋块端部端承阻力对衬垫系统稳定性的影响,建立了加肋土工膜衬垫系统稳定性分析解析解。结合某实际工程初步设计,对加肋土工膜衬垫系统进行了稳定性分析,探讨了肋块形状、肋块高度和加肋间距对衬垫系统安全系数的影响。分析结果表明,该解析解能更好地计算加肋土工膜衬垫系统的安全系数。当加肋间距为20 mm时,肋块高度对安全系数的影响较大;当肋块高度一定时,安全系数随着加肋间距增加而逐渐减小;在加肋间距大于200 mm之后,加肋土工膜已接近光面土工膜的剪切特性。     

Performance-based design of landfill liners

Factors affecting chemical transport in geomembrane, clay and composite liners are reviewed, and a simplified performance-based method for evaluating landfill bottom liners is presented. For single geomembrane liners, mass transport of inorganic chemicals is calculated from the leakage rate from holes for an assumed frequency of hole occurrence. Transport of organic chemicals is obtained by accounting for molecular diffusion through the intact geomembrane. Migration of inorganic and organic chemicals in compacted clay liners is calculated using a solution of the 1D advection–dispersion-reaction equation. For composite liners consisting of a geomembrane and a clay liner, 3D flow and transport of inorganic chemicals is approximated using an equivalent 1D model for transport through an effective area of transport. The approximation is based on results from 3D analyses that have been conducted for a variety of cases. Migration of organic chemicals through composite liners is calculated using a 1D diffusion model. Applicability of the method is illustrated by using it to evaluate the relative performance of several different liner systems.     

An experimental study on diffusion characteristics of hardened liner materials to inorganic chemicals

For materials of very low hydraulic conductivity used in the landfill liner systems, e.g., natural clay liners, soil-cement liners, etc., diffusion characteristics should be evaluated, as the transport mechanism of contaminant through them is diffusion controlled. Studies on the diffusion characteristics of the hardened liner materials, such as the soil cement, are relatively few compared with those of clayey soils. In this paper, diffusive characteristics of hardened liner materials (HLMs) applied to the liner system of Sudokwon Metropolitan Landfill in Korea, were studied. Laboratory pure diffusion column tests in the pure- and the advection-diffusion status were performed for the chemicals, NaCl, KCl, and CaCl₂. To evaluate the diffusion coefficient of a HLMs system, a one-dimensional numerical transport program was developed for use in a multi-layered HLMs system. The range of dispersion coefficients of advection diffusion column tests was a little narrower than that of diffusion coefficients of pure diffusion tests, although the two coefficients were quite close. The effective diffusion coefficients of chloride ions of a HLMs were about a half of those in clayey soil due to the high density by compaction and curing. Diffusion coefficients of chloride ions in this study were correlated closely with hydraulic conductivities of the materials tested and were consistent with work in the literature.