固体矿产钻探技术的现状和展望

分析了国际钻探市场现状以及固体矿产钻探技术的进展,归纳总结了近１０年来我国固体矿产钻探技术的主要进展,并对发展我国固体太科钻探技术提出了建议。     

天山乌鲁木齐河上游径流极值变化分析研究

以天山乌鲁木齐河上游作为研究对象, 结合乌鲁木齐河上游近50 a的实测月均径流变化资料, 对未来的月均径流进行了预测. 基于对重现水平的95%置信区间进行估计的结果表明, 乌鲁木齐河上游重现期为10 a、25 a、50 a和100 a的月均径流量极大值分别约为35.4 m³·s^-1、39.9 m³·s^-1、43.2 m³·s^-1和46.3 m³·s^-1;重现期为10 a、25 a、50 a和100 a的月均径流量极小值分别约为0.60 m³·s^-1、0.43 m³·s^-1、0.30 m³·s^-1和0.18 m³·s^-1. 在当前气候变化背景下, 乌鲁木齐河上游在2058年前后枯水期时可能发生断流现象. 该研究对乌鲁木齐河径流变化预测具有重要意义.     

基于交叉小波的天山乌鲁木齐河出山径流多尺度特征研究

运用连续小波对新疆天山北坡的乌鲁木齐河上游1958-2006年的月均气温(MMT)、月降水量(MP)和月均径流量(MMR)变化进行了多时间尺度特征分析. 结果表明：1960—2005年月均气温、月降水量和月均径流量三者始终存在着12个月左右尺度的主周期,并呈现出全局性特征,信号的强弱依次为MMT、MP 和MMR;同时,MMT存在66个月和96个月的次周期,MP存在6个月、30个月和72个月的次周期,MMR亦存在6个月、24个月、36个月和72个月的次周期. 在此基础上,对其进行交叉小波分析后发现,MMR与MMT、MP的相关程度除了表现为12个月的主周期和6个月的次周期外,MMT对MMR的影响还表现在34个月和72个月的次周期上,而MP对MMR的影响也表现在24个月、36个月和72个月的次周期上. MMT对MMR的影响除了12个月的主周期表现为正相关外,6个月的周期相位亦存在正负交错的现象,说明在该尺度上MMT对MMR的影响既有正面的也有负面的;MMT对MMR的影响在其他次周期上均表现为负相关或近似负相关;而MP对MMR的影响在主次周期上均表现为显著的正相关.     

Effects of changing land use on the microbial water quality of tidal creeks

Population growth along the southeastern United States coast has precipitated the conversion of forested watersheds to suburban and urban ones. This study sampled creeks representing forested, suburban, and urban watersheds along a longitudinal gradient for indicators of water quality, including traditional indicator bacteria (fecal coliforms and enterococci) and alternative viral indicators (male-specific and somatic coliphages). Tested microorganisms were generally distributed with highest concentrations in creek headwaters and in more developed watersheds. The headwaters also showed the strongest predictive relationship between indicator concentrations and urbanization as measured by impervious cover. A seasonal pattern was observed for indicator bacteria but not for indicator viruses. Coliphage typing indicated the likely source of contamination was nonhuman. Results suggest that headwater creeks can serve as sentinel habitat, signaling early warning of public health concerns from land-based anthropogenic activities. This study also implies the potential to eventually forecast indicator concentrations under land use change scenarios.     

Bioaccumulation and biomarkers in the sea star Asterias rubens (Echinodermata: Asteroidea): a North Sea field study

During two North Sea field trips in March 1995 and September 1996 sea stars, Asterias rubens, were collected at various stations along pollution gradients in order to study the relation between biochemical markers and levels of accumulated contaminants. Biomarkers measured were: cytochrome P450 level, benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase (BPH) activity, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and DNA integrity. Accumulation levels of heavy metals, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the pyloric caeca of sea stars indicate different pollution gradients, influenced by rivers in The Netherlands, UK and Germany. For some contaminants, especially PAHs, relatively high levels were found in the central part of the North Sea (Dogger Bank). On the basis of multivariate statistics, stations near the mouth of the Elbe and the Rhine/Meuse were shown to have different patterns of biomarker responses. Sea stars from stations in coastal zones showed relatively high levels of cytochrome P450 and 'P418', another haemoprotein that is present in most marine invertebrates. The station nearest to the Elbe Estuary showed the lowest BPH and AChE activity. DNA integrity was lower especially in stations near the Dutch coast and in a station near the Tees/Tyne estuaries. Using these biomarkers as early warning signals of exposure and/or adverse effects, this type of monitoring can be used also in the future to study the spatial and temporal trends in the quality of coastal waters.     

Hepatic CYP1A levels and EROD activity in English sole: biomonitoring of marine contaminants in Vancouver Harbour

To assess chemical contaminant stress in the marine environment, ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity and cytochrome P450 1A (CYP1A) expression were measured in 88 English Sole (Pleuronectes vetulus) collected during May and June 1999 from four sites in Vancouver Harbour and at an expected reference site outside the harbour. Hepatic microsomes were prepared from the fish and analyzed for total CYP content, EROD activity, and CYP1A protein levels. Hepatic EROD activity and CYP1A protein levels were elevated in fish from two sites in the inner harbour. A comparison with sediment chemistry data showed that fish with increased EROD activity and CYP1A levels came from sites containing relatively high levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls. Unexpectedly high levels of EROD activity and CYP1A protein were also found in fish from a reference site near Gibsons, in Howe Sound. The elevated EROD activity and CYP1A expression in fish from this site cannot be explained by the chemical analysis data collected.     

Interactive effects of UV, benzo[alpha] pyrene, and cadmium on DNA damage and repair in embryos of the grass shrimp Paleomonetes pugio

We examined the link between DNA strand breaks and hatching rates in grass shrimp, (Paleomonetes pugio), embryos exposed to 0.2 microM benzo[alpha] pyrene (BP), 5 microM cadmium (Cd) and 330 kJ/m(2) UV light, either alone or together. After exposure, embryos were transferred to clean seawater with or without 5 microM Cd. Hatching rates and DNA strand breaks (Comet Assay) were determined. DNA lesions caused by exposure to BP, UV light, or BP/cadmium were rapidly repaired and were not associated with any effects on hatching. Exposure to Cd after exposure to BP or UV did not affect embryological development or DNA repair. Exposure to BP/UV resulted in a high level of DNA lesions which were slowly repaired. Exposure to cadmium following BP/UV exposure inhibited hatching and DNA repair. Adducts formed during exposure to BP/UV exposure may be difficult to excise or may saturate the nucleotide excision repair system.     

积极采用先进技术，提高地矿部门钻探生产水平

针对当前地矿部门地质岩心钻探生产技术水平现状，经过分析对比，为进一步提高地矿部门地质岩心钻探生产水平，提出了推广３项主要先进技术的建议。