城市住宅地价影响因素的定量识别与时空异质性——以武汉市为例

定量测度微观因素对住宅地价影响程度的时空分异特征是有效揭示住宅地价形成机制的重要条件。本文基于武汉市2007-2015年公开出让的住宅地价样点数据,采用广义可行最小二乘法(FGLS)修正的特征价格模型(Hedonic),测度微观影响因素对住宅地价影响程度的时空演变规律。结果显示,各要素对住宅地价影响程度的时序变化特征复杂,空间区域差异明显,具体而言：①2007-2015年间,武汉市住宅地价因素的影响程度从高到低依次为：容积率>医院>城市中心>城市副中心>地铁>公园。②在时序上,城市中心对住宅地价的影响程度呈增强趋势;城市副中心对住宅地价影响整体有所减弱;医院对住宅地价的作用程度呈指数式上涨;地铁对住宅地价增值作用主要发生在开通后;公园的影响持续下降;容积率的影响则在时序上先减后增,与住宅用地出让面积呈反向变动关系。③在空间上,在二环内中心区域,公园、容积率等对住宅地价影响程度较高;而在二环以外,与生活便利性相关的地铁、医院对住宅地价的作用更强;城市中心和副中心功能对住宅地价作用在空间上的互补效应明显。基于研究结果,强化景观用地等的宏观配置和保护力度,审慎确定容积率等是当前城市土地管理值得关注的问题。     

Quantifying multi-modal public transit accessibility for large metropolitan areas: a time-dependent reliability modeling approach

The temporal dimensions of public transit accessibility have recently garnered an increasing amount of interest. However, the existing literature on transit accessibility is heavily based on oversimplified assumptions that transit services operate at deterministic speeds using predetermined timetables. These measurements may overestimate transit accessibility, especially for large metropolitan areas where inter- and intra-modal transfers are frequent. To handle travel time uncertainty, a multi-modal transit accessibility modeling approach is proposed to account for realistic variations in travel time and service reliability. The proposed approach is applied to the mapping of transit accessibility in Shenzhen (China), where transit services exhibit significant travel time variations over space and time. Compared to traditional transit accessibility measures, our method has been demonstrated to better capture intrinsic spatial and temporal accessibility variations with complex multi-modal transit networks. Normal distribution of inter-stop travel times and constant travel speed between GPS sampling points are assumed to simply the computation, which we consider to adjust in future studies to better quantify the dynamics of transit accessibility across space and time.     

The Progress of Resources and Environment Carrying Capacity: from Single-factor Carrying Capacity Research to Comprehensive Research

As a concept to describe development restrictions, resources and environment carrying capacity (RECC) research has developed over more than 100 years since it was first proposed at the beginning of the 20^th century. It is now regarded as a significant factor in evaluating the level of cooperation between regional population, resources, and environment; and it is currently used as an effective and operational tool to guide regional sustainable development. This article first reviews the origin of RECC and its early headway. It then reviews the historical development of RECC from single factors, such as land resources carrying capacity, water resources carrying capacity and environmental carrying capacity (environmental capacity), to more comprehensive research, such as comprehensive evaluation, emergy analysis, and ecological footprint analysis. In general, it appears that comprehensive research will become increasingly important in RECC research. However, there are several deficiencies in the current state of comprehensive research. Firstly, comprehensive RECC research lacks a common measurement standard, though some scholars have attempted to create one. Secondly, the RECC evaluation of open systems and dynamic studies should be strengthened. Thirdly, more attention should be paid to standardization, digitalization, and systematization to promote the applicability of RECC research to national practical demands.     

Characterization of landscape pattern based on land economic niche change: A case study in Ganzhou,Gansu Province,China

Land use change has a profound impact on biodiversity and ecological processes, and is closely related to changes in landscape patterns. This paper introduces the theory and method of land economic niche into landscape ecology, which provides a new method for spatial characterization of urban and rural spatial landscape patterns. Based on this theory, this paper analyzes the landscape pattern of Ganzhou District by using Landsat images as data source in 1995, 2000, 2005,2010 and 2015. We calculated the land economic niche by applying the niche potential theory. Combined with the theory of landscape ecology, we explored the effects of the land economic niche change on the landscape pattern at a county scale.The results show that economic niche of construction land, watershed and farmland increased during 1995–2015, and grassland declined significantly. The economic niche of farmland, construction land, watershed and grassland show a negative correlation with the number of patches(NP), fragmentation index(FN) and the fractal dimension index(FD), and had a positive correlation with the aggregation index(AI). There was no significant correlation between the forest land economic niche and landscape metrics. The change of land economic niche has a driving effect on the landscape pattern of the county, which can represent the economic development direction of Ganzhou District. The land economic niche is closely related to the landscape type which can directly obtain an economic benefit.     

Dynamic changes of habitats in China’s typical national nature reserves on spatial and temporal scales

Until 2015, China had established 2740 nature reserves with a total area of 1.47 million km², covering 14.8% of China’s terrestrial land surface. Based on remote sensing inversion, ecological model simulation and spatial analysis methods, we analyzed the spatial and temporal variations of fractional vegetation coverage (FVC), net primary production (NPP), and human disturbance (HD) in habitats of typical national nature reserves (NNRs) during the first 15 years of the 21st century from 2000 to 2015. And then the three indicators were compared between different NNR types and varied climate zones. The results showed that (1) the average 5-year FVC of NNRs increased from 36.3% to 37.1%, and it improved in all types of NNRs to some extent. The annual average FVC increased by 0.11%, 0.84%, 0.21%, 0.09%, 0.11% and 0.08% in NNRs of forest ecosystem, plain meadow, inland wetland, desert ecosystem, wild animal and wild plant, respectively. (2) The NPP annually increased by 2.06 g·m^-2, 1.23 g·m^-2, 0.28 g·m^-2 and 0.4 g·m^-2 in NNRs of plain meadow, inland wetland, desert ecosystem and wild animal, respectively. However, it decreased by 3.45 g·m^-2 and 2.35 g·m^-2 in NNRs of forest ecosystem and wild plant respectively. (3) In the past 15 years, besides the slight decreases in the NNRs located at the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the south subtropical zone, HD enhanced in most of NNRs, especially HD in the warm temperate humid zone increased from 4.7% to 5.35%.     

Fractional crystallization processes of magma beneath the Carlsberg Ridge(57°–65°E)

Fractional crystallization of basaltic magma at variable depths in?uences strongly the geochemical compositions of mid-ocean ridge basalts(MORBs), especially at slow-spreading mid-ocean ridges. The Carlsberg Ridge is a typical slow-spreading ridge located in the northwestern Indian Ocean. In this study, we conducted petrological, geochemical and modelling studies of MORBs collected along the Carlsberg Ridge from 57°–65°E to understand the fractional crystallization processes of magma and the controls on variations in MORB geochemistry. Our results show that the mantle sources beneath the Carlsberg Ridge are heterogeneous even on the local scale of a segment; such heterogeneity may be ubiquitous beneath the Carlsberg Ridge. Mantle heterogeneity may be caused by the enriched components resulting in the "DUPAL" anomaly, whereas the ef fect of pyroxenite on mantle heterogeneity is negligible. The parental melts experienced crystallization of olivine, plagioclase and clinopyroxene prior to eruption, which played a signi?cant role in the major and trace element variations in MORBs from the Carlsberg Ridge. The liquid lines of descent(LLDs), deduced from the forward modelling of three parental magma compositions using the Petrolog3 program at pressures between 1 atm and 10 kbar, demonstrate that clinopyroxene joined the olivine and plagioclase cotectic. The over-enrichment in highly incompatible elements relative to LLDs may be caused by the processes of replenishment-tapping-crystallization in magma chambers. The calculated crystallization pressures suggest that parental magmas beneath the Carlsberg Ridge experienced moderateto high-pressure crystallization and that crystallization beneath the slow-spreading Carlsberg Ridge may start at upper mantle depths.     

联合DInSAR与Offset-tracking技术监测高强度采区开采沉陷的方法

高强度煤炭开采产生巨大的地表形变,形变相位梯度过大导致干涉测量解缠错误,单一采用常规DInSAR及其衍生技术都无法获得地表沉陷主值。本文提出一种新的解决方案,即联合利用DInSAR与偏移量追踪技术（Offset-tracking）各自的技术优势,实现开采区大变形的准确提取,并基于GAUSS函数模型拟合恢复沉陷区剖面形态。基于2012年2月13日和2012年11月27日两景高分辨率SAR数据（RADARSAT-2,5 m精细波束模式（MF5））为数据源,以神东矿区布尔台矿、寸草塔一矿、二矿为研究区,采用常规DInSAR技术获得亚厘米级沉陷区边界,边界沉陷值处于-0.01~ -0.02 m;利用偏移量追踪方法获取米级地表沉陷中心主值,中心沉陷值集中在-1.0~ -4.0 m。将2种方法监测到沉陷信息分段融合,最后采用GAUSS函数模型重构矿区开采沉陷下沉特征曲线。结果表明,偏移量追踪方法可弥补DInSAR技术监测大量级形变信息的不足,联合技术可完整获取高强度采区的大形变沉陷。     

孔内制作钢筋笼新技术在大直径超深人工挖孔桩施工中的应用

基桩工程施工中,传统工艺方法是在地面上专门制作钢筋笼,然后吊运、安放在桩孔内。这对大直径超深人工挖孔灌注桩施工来讲十分困难,难以保证工程质量。采用在孔内直接制作钢筋笼新的技术方法,将钢筋笼制作、安放工序在桩孔内直接同步完成,省去了大直径钢筋笼的吊运、安放工序,很好地解决了地面制作大直径钢筋笼的特殊支撑、加固以及吊运、安放过程中的变形等难题。提高了施工效率,降低了作业成本,确保了工程质量,具有较好的推广应用价值。     

CO2流体对岩屑长石砂岩改造作用的实验

通过密闭容器中CO2-H2O-砂岩体系相互作用实验,研究了不同温度和压力下CO2流体对岩屑长石砂岩成分的改造。反应后溶液中总矿化度的变化、样品质量的损失及扫描电镜(SEM)的观察结果表明:长石、方解石和石英的溶蚀强度随温度的升高而增大,CO2流体对岩屑长石砂岩的溶蚀作用与温度正相关;同时通过扫描电镜观察发现,200℃和300℃时样品表面均有一种未知的铝硅酸盐矿物生成,并通过反应液的pH值及各种离子浓度的变化解释了CO2流体-砂岩相互作用过程中矿物溶解、沉淀的机制。     

北祁连黑矿型和塞浦路斯型硫化物矿床容矿火山岩的物质来源与形成环境

文章以白银厂石英角斑岩和石居里富钠玄武岩为代表,对产于北祁连造山带的"黑矿型"和"塞浦路斯型"铜多金属块状硫化物矿床的容矿火山岩做了系统的常量元素、微量元素、稀土元素及锶、钕、铅同位素分析。结果表明,这2种火山岩均表现出俯冲带岩浆作用的特征。所不同的是,白银厂"黑矿型"块状硫化物矿床容矿火山岩形成于活动大陆边缘的陆缘弧环境;石居里"塞浦路斯型"硫化物铜矿床形成于大洋板块内部的洋生弧环境。与各自的形成环境相对应,白银厂的石英角斑岩来源于原生地幔在俯冲板片流体参与下的部分熔融,岩浆在上升侵位过程中有部分大陆地壳物质混入。石居里的富钠玄武岩同样也是产生于原生地幔在板片流体作用下的部分熔融,但没有遭受陆壳物质混染。