The effect of the wave-induced mixing on the upper ocean temperature in a climate model

The significant underestimation of sea surface temperature （SST） and the temperature in the upper ocean is one of common problems in present climate models. The influence of the wave-induced mixing on SST and the temperature in the upper ocean was examined based on a global climate model. The results from the model coupled with wave-induced mixing showed a significant improvement in the simulation of SST and the temperature in the upper ocean compared with those of the original model without wave effects. Although there has still a cold bias, the new simulation is much closer to the climatology, especially in the northern ocean and tropical ocean. This study indicates that some important physical processes in the accurate simulation of the ocean may be ignored in present climate models, and the wave-induced mixing is one of those factors. Thus, the wave-induced mixing （ or the effect of surface waves） should be incorporated properly into climate models in order to simulate or forecast the ocean, then climate system, more accurately.     

吕宋海峡内波吸引子的三维数值模拟

Internal waves propagate along wave beams that are inclined with respect to the horizontal plane. It is conjectured that the internal waves generated in the Luzon Strait may be confined between the double ridges in the strait and concentrate to a closed trajectory, the so-called internal wave attractor, due to the reflection of wave beams from the lateral boundaries, sea surface and bottom. This work carried out two experiments using a three dimensional non-hydrostatic general circulation model, MITgcm, to investigate the possibility that the ridges in the Luzon Strait allows for internal wave attractors. Baroclinic current in both of the experiments demonstrate the forming of ring-like patterns in some section around 20° and 21°N, indicating that the development of the internal wave attractors are allowed in the Luzon Strait. The different resolutions and initial conditions in the two experiments also reveal that the internal-wave-attractor phenomenon is robust in this region.     

Simulation of the extreme waves generated by typhoon Bolaven (1215) in the East China Sea and Yellow Sea

Record-breaking high waves occurred during the passage of the typhoon Bolaven (1215) (TYB) in the East China Sea (ECS) and Yellow Sea (YS) although its intensity did not reach the level of a super typhoon. Winds and directional wave measurements were made using a range of in-situ instruments mounted on an ocean tower and buoys. In order to understand how such high waves with long duration occurred, analyses have been made through measurement and numerical simulations. TYB winds were generated using the TC96 typhoon wind model with the best track data calibrated with the measurements. And then the wind fields were blended with the reanalyzed synoptic-scale wind fields for a wave model. Wave fields were simulated using WAM4.5 with adjustment of C_d for gust of winds and bottom friction for the study area. Thus the accuracy of simulations is considerably enhanced, and the computed results are also in better agreement with measured data than before. It is found that the extremely high waves evolved as a result of the superposition of distant large swells and high wind seas generated by strong winds from the front/right quadrant of the typhoon track. As the typhoon moved at a speed a little slower than the dominant wave group velocity in a consistent direction for two days, the wave growth was significantly enhanced by strong wind input in an extended fetch and non-linear interaction.     

尼泊尔Ms8.1地震构造背景及对周边地区地震活动趋势的影响

分析印度板块与欧亚板块俯冲带、尼泊尔Ms8.1地震震中区地震构造及地震发震构造,讨论主震对余震触发及余震的时空强特征和地震对周边地区地震活动趋势的影响。初步分析认为,主边界断裂为本次地震的发震构造,属于低角度逆冲断层地震;余震分布范围与震源破裂面积和方式基本一致,具有向东迁移的时空特征;西藏定日Ms5.9、聂拉木Ms5.3地震不属于尼泊尔地震余震,是应力扰动的结果;沿俯冲带向东至喜马拉雅东构造结是大震发生的危险地段。     

鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组四段构造- 岩相古地理新认识及勘探意义

米探1井取得天然气勘探突破表明鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组四段具有巨大勘探潜力,然而,对盆地奥陶纪马四期古构造格局和岩相古地理研究还存在争议,制约了下步天然气勘探进程。为此,基于地震、野外露头、钻井、岩芯、微观薄片和测井等基础资料,对马家沟组四段构造- 岩相古地理开展了系统研究,确定了盆地奥陶纪马四期古构造格局,并恢复出马家沟组四段岩相古地理,预测了有利勘探区。研究结果表明：① 鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶纪马四期发育“两陆三隆四坳”的古构造格局,其中两陆为伊盟古陆和阿拉善古陆,三隆分别为中央古隆起、中条古隆起和神木- 志丹低隆起,四坳为西南边缘坳陷、桃利庙坳陷、府谷坳陷和柳林坳陷;② 马四期为碳酸盐岩内缓坡和中缓坡沉积,其中内缓坡又发育白云岩坪、含云膏坪、微生物丘、灰泥丘、砂屑滩、丘滩间海和灰质潟湖等7类微相;③ 古构造格局控制马家沟组四段沉积分异,微生物丘、灰泥丘和砂屑滩等3类有利储集相主要沿中央古隆起和神木- 志丹低隆起等古地貌高部位分布。因此认为,神木—靖边地区是有利储层发育区,且处于岩性相变带,生储盖配置关系好,具有良好的成藏条件,是天然气勘探的有利靶向区。     

ERA-Interim地表温度资料在青藏高原多年冻土区的适用性

地表温度综合反映了大气和地表植被、土壤等局地因素相互作用的能量交换状况,是许多冻土分布模型和寒区陆面过程模式的上边界条件,对多年冻土分布和活动层厚度估算具有重要意义。为了检验ERA-Interim再分析地表温度资料在青藏高原(下称高原)多年冻土区的适用性,综合比较了2011年1月1日至2012年12月31日期间高原不同类型多年冻土区3个综合观测场的观测地表温度和ERA-Interim再分析资料之间的偏差、均方差、相关系数、解释方差、均方根误差和平均绝对误差。结果表明,ERA-Interim再分析资料能较好地再现高原多年冻土区3个综合观测场地表温度的基本特征,并能较好地描述高原地表温度的季节变化。但ERA-Interim再分析年平均地表温度比观测值偏低,西大滩、五道梁和唐古拉站依次偏低1.7,1.0和0.9℃;地表温度的再分析值和观测值之间的相关系数和解释方差都较高,均方差也相近。ERA-Interim再分析地表温度资料对观测站点相对稀少且空间分布不均匀的高原多年冻土区具有较好的适用性,可以作为地表温度的有效代用资料。     

河南省城镇密集区的空间地域结构

以河南省997个城镇数据、近900条交通线数据、127个县域社会经济统计数据为基础,分别从节点(各级城镇)发育程度、交通网络联系强度、基质发展水平三方面讨论城镇集聚程度,并在空间分布上进行不同级别的划分。利用GIS空间分析功能,对中原城镇密集区的不同地域结构进行了空间界定:(1)核心区,包括郑州市区、巩义市、新郑市等13个县域;(2)次核心区,包括登封市、中牟县、新乡县等12个县域;(3)潜在核心区,包括开封县、杞县、通许县等18个县域;(4)外围区,包括洛阳市南部、平顶山市南部、新乡市北部等所辖14个县域。其中,核心区人均GDP为全省平均水平的2.04倍,人口仅占全省总额的12.22%,GDP总量占全省总量的25.93%。中原城镇密集区今后除进一步完善城镇体系、加强城镇联系强度、提高区域经济实力外,还要进一步关注城镇密集区发展的薄弱区域。     

重庆“5.6”强风雹天气过程成因分析

利用常规观测、NCEP分析场及雷达、自动站等资料对重庆＂5.6＂强风雹天气的成因进行了分析,结果表明：冷锋和副热带高空急流在风雹发生地近乎重叠的配置结构促进了次级环流的形成并有利于上升运动的强烈发展;风暴天气发生前,下垫面强烈加热、低层增温增湿、中高层干冷对大气对流不稳定性增强的作用显著;对流有效位能（CAPE）、K指数、SI指数高值区边缘的强指数梯度区、对流抑制（CIN）的小值区以及较强的垂直风切变对大风冰雹的预报有重要的指示意义;雷达回波显示多单体风暴具有三体散射、弱回波区等冰雹回波特征,中层径向辐合和反射率因子核心的反复上升下降也是形成地面大风和冰雹的重要特征;四川盆地东部东北西南向山脉对冷空气的移动有阻挡作用,山脉之间的槽状地形为多单体风暴的持续发展保留了较大的空间,明月山南麓的地形起到了强迫抬升和触发的作用,由于地形的阻挡形成狭管效应,加强了下击暴流形成的地面大风,是形成11级大风的重要因素。     

升级改造后的BPL时频监控系统

为更好地完成授时任务,对BPL长波授时系统(由中国科学院国家授时中心承建)进行了升级改造。介绍了升级改造后的BPL长波授时系统组成、时频控制与监测方法。改造前、后系统时频控制指标的统计结果表明,改造后时号控制精度大幅提高。     

卫星定轨软件的移植与测试分析

为改变卫星定轨软件对Unix平台的依赖性和Unix平台命令式操作等因素制约后续的开发和应用的状况,进行了将精密定轨软件从Unix平台移植到Windows平台下的工作。阐述了卫星定轨软件移植的步骤,主要包括根据2个平台下软件的差异,对卫星定轨软件程序进行删除、追加、修改等。对卫星定轨软件移植前、后得到的有关数据进行了比较,结果表明移植工作是成功的。