北疆暴雪过程的湿位涡诊断

利用NCEP1°×1°再分析资料,对2009年3月19—20日北疆沿天山一带一次暴雪天气过程进行诊断分析,着重探讨了湿位涡诊断在新疆暴雪预报中的应用。分析表明：暴雪的水汽输送有3个源地,低层负散度、向北倾斜的涡度“上负下正”分布、等θe线的陡立密集带、垂直速度负值区与暴雪落区均有较好的对应关系。暴雪主要发生在MPV1〉0、MPV2绝对值迅速增加且等值线密集分布的区域。MPV1下传增大,大气对流不稳定能量释放,低层MPV2绝对值增大,大气湿斜压性增强,下滑倾斜涡度增长是暴雪形成的重要原因。     

甘肃民勤自动站与人工站气象观测数据差异分析

从自动站与人工站观测方式的区别人手,对民勤国家基准气候站观测的数据进行整理与对比分析得出：（1）2种观测方式数据序列中,本站气压2a平均差值为0．1hPa,差值变幅在～0．3～0．5hPa;气温2a平均差值-0．1℃,差值变幅在-0．1～0．0℃之间;相对湿度2a平均差值为-1％,差值变幅在一4％～2％之间;2min平均风速2a平均差值为0．5m／s,差值变幅在0．3～0．7m／s之间,10min平均风速2a平均差值为0．4m／s,差值变幅在0．4～0．5m／s之间;地面温度2a平均差值为0．6℃,差值变幅在0．0～1．2℃之间。本站气压、气温、相对湿度、风向风速、地温差值虽然不固定,但对历史资料的序列连续性影响不显著;（2）各要素中差值最大的是地面最高温度,2a平均差值为1．8oC,差值变幅在-1．7～4．3℃之间;（3）自动站的观测结果比人工观测更真实、准确、科学,更接近大气中的实际情况。     

CHARACTERISTICS OF UT/LS CARBON MONOXIDE INTRASEASONAL OSCILLATIONS AND THEIR IMPACT FACTORS OVER THE TIBETAN PLATEAU AND ITS ADJACENT AREAS IN SUMMER

The study presented herein investigated the main characteristics of carbon monoxideintraseasonal variability and evaluated its possible impact factors using the upper troposphere and lowerstratosphere (UT/LS) Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) observations over Tibetan Plateau and itsadjacent areas in summer (June to August) of 2005 and 2006. Observations show a persistent constituentextreme extending up into the UT/LS throughout summer, as well as a temporally reversed phase variationbetween the carbon monoxide and ozone in UT/LS. The intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs) of carbonmonoxide during summer are investigated by using methods of wavelet and band pass filter analysis. It isfound that ISOs over the Tibetan Plateau have periods of 10 to 20 days and 30 to 60 days. The formermainly appeared in upper troposphere while the latter in lower stratosphere. Further analysis shows thatthese two periods of ISOs in UT/LS are mainly in phase to the activities of convection over the south of theplateau and the variation of South Asia High, respectively. The above two factors and their dynamicalcoupling may be responsible for the tracer ISOs at different levels.     

Accuracy validation of TRMM Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis daily precipitation products in the Lancang River Basin of China

Using statistical methods and contingency table method, this paper evaluates the accuracy of 12 years (1998–2009) Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Multisatellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) daily-accumulated precipitation products within a year, the dry season, and rain season for each of the five subbasins and for each grid point (0.25?×?0.25°) in the Lancang River basin by comparing the results with data from the 35 rain gauges. The results indicate that TMPA daily precipitation estimates tend to show an underestimation comparing to the rain gauge daily precipitations under any scenarios, especially for the middle stream in the dry season. The accuracy of TMPA-averaged precipitation deteriorates with the increase of elevation at both basin and grid scale, with upstream and downstream having the worst and best accuracy, respectively. A fair capability was shown when using daily TMPA accumulations to detect rain events at drizzle rain and this capability improves with the increase of elevation. However, the capability deteriorates when it is used to detect moderate rain and heavy rain events. The accuracy of TMPA precipitation estimate products is better in the rain season than in the dry season at all scenarios. Time difference and elevation are the main factors that have impact on the accuracy of TMPA daily-accumulated precipitation products.     

Evaluation of grid-point atmospheric model of IAP LASG version 2 (GAMIL2)

The Grid-point Atmospheric Model of IAP LASG version 2 (GAMIL2) has been developed through upgrading the deep convection parameterization, cumulus cloud fraction and two-moment cloud microphysical scheme, as well as changing some of the large uncertain parameters. In this paper, its performance is evaluated, and the results suggest that there are some significant improvements in GAMIL2 compared to the previous version GAMIL1, for example, the components of the energy budget at the top of atmosphere (TOA) and surface; the geographic distribution of shortwave cloud radiative forcing (SWCF); the ratio of stratiform versus total rainfall; the response of atmospheric circulation to the tropical ocean; and the eastward propagation and spatiotemporal structures of the Madden Julian Oscillation (MJO). Furthermore, the indirect aerosols effect (IAE) is -0.94 W m-2, within the range of 0 to -2 W m-2 given by the IPCC 4th Assessment Report (2007). The influence of uncertain parameters on the MJO and radiation fluxes is also discussed.     

Aerosol spectra and new particle formation observed in various seasons in Nanjing

The aerosol number spectrum and gas pollutants were measured and the new particle formation （NPF） events were discussed in Nanjing. The results showed that the size distributions of aerosol number concen- trations exhibited distinct seasonal variations, implying the relations of particle sizes and their sources and sinks. The number concentrations of particles in the nuclei mode （10-30 nm）, Aitken mode （30-100 nm）, accumulation mode （100 -1000 nm） and coarse mode （〉1μm） varied in the order of summer 〉 spring 〉 autumn, summer 〉 autumn 〉 spring, autumn 〉 summer 〉 spring, and spring 〉 autumn 〉summer, re- spectively. The diurnal variation of total aerosol number concentrations showed three peaks in all observed periods, which corresponded to two rush hours and the photochemistry period at noon. In general, the NPF in summer occurred under the conditions of east winds and dominant air masses originating from marine areas with high relative humidity （50%-70%） and strong solar radiations （400 -700 W m-2）. In spring, the NPF were generally accompanied by low relative humidity （14%-30%） and strong solar radiations （400-600 W m-2）. The new particle growth rates （GR） were higher in the summertime in the range of 10- 16 nm h-1. In spring, the GR were 6.8-8.3 nm h-1. Under polluted air conditions, NPF events were seldom captured in autumn in Nanjing. During NPF periods, positive correlations between 10- 30 nm particles and 03 were detected, particularly in spring, indicating that NPF can be attributed to photochemical reactions.     

A Preliminary Research on the Development of the Hard X-ray Imaging Telescope

The hard X-ray imaging telescope based on the Fourier transform imaging technique is introduced. The double-layer parallel gratings are used to make the modulation and coding on the light emerging from a celestial X-ray source, the modulated light is acquired, to make the optoelectronic conversion by scintillation crystal detectors, and ?nally read out by the electronic system. The modulation collimator X-ray telescopes can be divided into two types: the spatial modulation and temporal modulation. The temporal modulation system requires the scanning motion of the detector system, but the spatial modulation system requires no motion. The technology of grating fabrication is investigated, and the basic structure design of the collimators is given. The principal compo- nents of the prototype hard X-ray imaging telescope of spatial modulation type are successfully developed, including the 8 CsI crystal detector modules (contain- ing photomultipliers or PMTs), 8-channel shaping ampli?ers (two of them are prepared for experiments), and the data acquisition system. And the preliminary test results of the electronic system are also given.     

协调决策表的规则提取

对数据的性质、数据之间的关系进行了讨论，并由此对决策表进行了分类。研究了协调决策表所需要的必要的数据个数，这对数据采集有着实际的指导意义和经济意义。讨论了协调决策表的数据约简，并证明其不影响进一步的属性约简和规则提取。基于数据的协调性，对协调决策表的属性约简进行了研究，并提出了一种规则提取方法。最后，用实例验证了该方法的有效性。     

1:25万多目标区域地球化学调查样品的分析测试质量监控方法

在1：25万多目标区域地球化学调查样品分析的质量监控方法中，提出以准确度与精密度并重，标准物质监控与重复样监控相结合。利用“多目标化探样品计算机管理软件”，实现对调查样品分析质量监控的自动化管理。应用该系统软件，只要建立好相应的分析数据库，就可自动获得分析报告、报出率、内检样检查、标样检查、标样监控图等监控数据。     

浅谈山东省地质遗迹及其保护

山东省地质遗迹资源丰富 ,种类繁多 ,可划分为地质剖面古生物化石产地类、溶洞 (群 )类、泉 (群 )瀑布类、异石名山奇峰类、海岛浴场湖泊类、火山 (口 )类、湿地类等 7大类。地质遗迹是地球发展演化过程中遗留下来的自然遗产 ,是极其珍贵的不可再生的自然资源。人们通过各种地质遗迹现象 ,可以追溯地质演化历史以及各地质历史时期的古地理、古气候、古生态环境状况。地质遗迹在科研、教学、科普教育和旅游观赏等方面具有极为重要的意义。地质遗迹保护应坚持积极保护与合理开发相结合 ,加强管理与宣传教育相结合 ,长期规划与短期安排相结合以及总体部署、分步实施的原则