Sedimentary impacts from landslides in the Tachia River Basin, Taiwan

A case study of coseismic landslides and post-seismic sedimentary impacts of landslides due to rainfall events was conducted in the Tachia River basin, Taichung County, central Taiwan. About 3000 coseismic landslides occurred in the basin during the M_L 7.3 Chi-Chi earthquake in 1999. The deposits from these landslides provided material for numerous debris flows induced by subsequent rainfall events. The estimated 4.1 × 10⁷ m³ of landslide debris produced in the upland area caused sediment deposition in riverbeds, and flash floods inundated downstream areas with sediment during torrential rains. The landslide frequency-size distributions for the coseismic landslides and the subsequent rainfall-induced landslides were analyzed to determine the sediment budgets of the post-seismic geomorphic response in the landslide-dominated basin. Both the coseismic and the rainfall-induced landslides show a power–law frequency-size distribution with a rollover. It was found that the rainfall-induced landslide magnitude was smaller than the coseismic one, and that both have comparable negative scaling exponents in cumulative form, of about − 2.0 for larger landslides (> 10^− 2 km²). This may be attributed to ongoing movement or reactivation of old landslides, and a natural stabilisation of small landslides between 10^− 4 and 10^− 2 km². It is proposed that the characteristics of geological formations and rainfall as well as changes in landslide area are reflected in the power–law distribution.     

Sensitivity test of the geodetic network in Las Cañadas Caldera, Tenerife, for volcano monitoring

A 17-benchmark geodetic network in the volcanic area of the Teide Caldera, Canary Islands has been utilised several times since 1982 to detect crustal movements associated with volcanic activity within the network, as well as a procedure for solving configuration problems. The network is located on the mid-western side of the Caldera, where there are two different morphological zones that both have benchmarks. The authors performed a sensitivity test of this geodetic network for volcano monitoring purposes. To do so, we use a deformation model to calculate surface displacement caused by a dike intrusion in a homogenous half space. The depth and location of dike are changed to study the variation of the effects produced (displacements). The size and location of the intruded dike are found to play a major role in determining both the displacement pattern and magnitude. When the dike is close to the surface, there is an inversion of the surface displacement pattern and very large surface displacement at certain benchmarks. Such phenomena can serve as precursors of such dike eruptions. Our study show a clear need to extend the existing geodetic network to cover the full island for volcano monitoring purposes.     

Light and electron microscope observations onNephroselmis gaoae sp. nov. (Prasinophyceae)

Nephroselmis gaoae sp. nov. is described on the basis of light and electron microscope observations of cultured material originally collected and isolated from seawater of Jiaozhou Bay, Qingdao, China. The periplasts on the cell body and flagella are covered by five types of scales, two types on the flagella and three on the body. Among these, the morphology and the number of spines of large stellate body scales differ remarkably from those of previously described species ofNephroselmis. Apart from these, the unusual fine structure of the eyespot (stigma) is very characteristic. As in the other species ofNephroselmis, the eyespot lies immediately under the two-membraned chloroplast envelope; unlike the others, however, it is not composed of a number of osmiophilic globules, but consists of about 14 curved rod-shaped osmiophilic bodies arranged loosely and randomly. This feature distinguishes the present new species not only from the other species ofNephroselmis but also from the other motile algal species, the eyespots structure of which had been previously described. Contribution No. 2316 from the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. This paper was presented at the XIVth International Seaweed Symposium held in Brittany, France, 1992.     

SOME NEW SPECIES OF NANNOPLANKTON IN JIAOZHOU BAY, SHANDONG, CHINA

Three new spades and a new variety of nannoplankton, Chrysochromulina papillata, Gaysochromulina chiton var. minuta, Paraphysomonas simplexocorbita and Paraphysomonas bisorbulina are reported in this paper. All were isolated from the preliminary culture samples of seawater collected from Jiaozhou Bay, Shandong, China. The three species occurred at Station 1(120° 14.56′ E, 36°4′N) in November 1984, the new variety at Station 2 (120° 16.35° E,36°4.5′N) in January, 1985. The morphological features, especially the structures of the scales of these new nannoplankton,. are described. The differences between the new species and the related ones are discussed; their movement and nutrition, and the temperature and salinity of their biotopes are also mentioned.     

Characteristics analysis for the flash flood-induced debris flows

Typhoon Haitang caused landfall on Taiwan during 15–21 July, 2005 and brought 2,279 mm of maximum cumulative rain with a maximum intensity of 176 mm/h. The torrential rain was mainly distributed from the central mountain range to southern Taiwan and triggered 222 slopeland-related hazards. Among the hazard events, there were 17 debris flows, 157 cases of traffic cut-off, three large-magnitude deep-seated landslides, and 10 villages isolated in the off-track mountainous areas. The debris flows initiated in southern Taiwan were associated with torrential rain, short channel length (<2 km), and small basin area (<3 km²), and were speculated to be induced by flash flood. These flash flood-induced debris flows have a higher rainfall intensity-duration threshold for initiation than in other areas. The deep-seated landslides, isolated villages due to traffic cut-off in off-track mountain areas, and recurrent hazards in areas affected by the M_L 7.6 Chi-Chi earthquake in 1999 are characteristics of slopeland hazards in Taiwan in recent years. One of the most urgently needed mitigation strategies in response to slopeland hazards is the plan for enhancing self-rescue disaster resistance in off-track mountainous villages in Taiwan.     

西沙群岛金银岛和东岛礁平台生态调查

中国科学院海洋研究所自1956年以来对我国广东省的西沙群岛进行了多次考察,着重于藻类、无脊椎动物和鱼类的种类和区系研究,先后发表了数十篇研究报告。1975年5-6月派出的考察队在西沙群岛的10个岛礁进行动植物区系调査,同时对永乐群岛西南面的金银岛和宣德群岛最东面的东岛进行了珊瑚礁礁平合的生态调査；1976年1-4月另一支海藻考察队又调查了西沙群岛18个岛礁。这两次生态调查的目的是了解热带珊瑚礁礁平台藻类和无脊椎动物在各个垂直分布带上的组成,了解底栖海藻的季节变化,以及珊瑚礁礁平台鱼类的生态类型,为研究热带珊瑚礁动植物的生态特点,开发利用珊瑚礁生物资源提供资料。     

中国马尾藻属的研究 Ⅵ.斯氏种群的四个新种

对中国真马尾藻亚属SubgenusSargassum刺托组SectionAcanthocarpicae宾德系SeriesBinderiana斯氏种群SpeciesgroupSwartzia的研究中，发现该种群新种4个，它们是原始马尾藻SargassumprimitivumTsengetLusp．nov，模式标本于1992年4月10日采自海南省文昌县，模式标本号AST92－0296；海南马尾藻SargassumhainanenseTsenget,Lusp．nov，模式标本于1955年3月25日采自海南省文昌县清澜港，模式标本号AST55－0714；文昌马尾藻SargassumwenchangenseTsengetLusp．nov，模式标本于1958年6月22日采自海南省文昌县，模式标本号A5T58－6059；微小马尾藻SARGASSUMPUSILLUMTsengetLusp.nov，模式标本于1955年4月28日采自广西涠洲岛，模式标本号AST55－1973。     

三角褐指藻磷酸甘油酸变位酶基因可能侧翼序列的筛选、克隆以及序列测定

采用RT PCR的方法从酵母中成功地得到了磷酸甘油酸变位酶的cDNA基因 ,分别用32 P和地高辛 ddUTP标记以用作探针。以32 P标记的探针筛选三角褐指藻基因组文库 ,获得了 4kb的阳性DNA片段 ;进一步分析发现 ,该 4kb片段的真正阳性区域是位于片段端部的30 6bp的序列 ,因此认为该序列为三角褐指藻磷酸甘油酸变位酶基因的侧翼部分。克隆该30 6bp的DNA片段 ,并且测定其序列。结果表明 ,该 30 6bp的DNA片段包含两个同向重复序列 ,每个重复序列的大小为 1 1 6bp ,在每个重复序列中均含有GGTTCAATGT区域 ,这与一般常见的真核基因 5′端的CAATbox有相似之处。     

裙带菜(Undaria pinnitifida)色素蛋白复合物的分离及光谱特性的初步研究

以褐藻裙带菜(Undaria pinnatifida)为实验材料，采用蔗糖密度梯度超速离心的方法纯化类囊体膜；以去污剂sDs为增溶剂(SDS：Chl=20：1，4℃增溶20min)，再用蔗糖密度为60％、50％、40％、30％、20％、15％和10％的梯度离心法，从裙带菜中成功地分离出5条含色素的蛋白质复合物带。离心结果显示在离心管顶部没有任何颜色，表明经过SDS增溶没有产生游离色素，纯化的类囊体膜和5条色素条带进行吸收光谱分析，显示了属于叶绿素n(Chl-a)的吸收峰：418、436和667到672nm。叶绿素c(Chl-c)的吸收峰：615和620nm。荧光发射最高峰位于682到690nm的区域。荧光激发光谱显示有Chl-a和Chl-c的激发峰，40％层带所含有的色素复合物只有属于Chl．n的吸收峰。分析结果表明：10％、15％层带所含有的色素复合物是褐藻的捕光色素复合物；20％、30％层带所含有的色素复合物是浅绿色的PSⅡ复合体(仍然含有捕光色素)，40％层带所含有的色素复合物是深绿色PSⅠ复合体，50％层带所含有的色素复合物是没有被增溶的类囊体膜。     

西沙群岛海产绿藻的研究Ⅰ

关于我国广东省西沙群岛的绿藻类,已报道了26种,其中20种隶属于管枝藻目，6种隶属于管藻目。所报道的种类虽然不多,但是,有8种是新种,占已报导种类的30%,比例相当大,可见这个地区海产绿藻类是相当丰富的。 本文所报导的14种,都是这个地区的新记录,其中7种是我国的新记录,包括一个新种——中华绿毛藻(Chlorodesmis sinensis sp.now.),其他我国的新记录是：锯叶蕨藻(Caulerpa brachypus Harvey),瘤枝藻(Tydemania expeditions Weber-van Bosse),卵形松藻(Codium ovale Zanardini),密岛仙掌藻(Halimeda micronesica Yamada),棒形伞藻(Acetabularia clavata Yamada),梨形伞藻(A. tsengiana Egerod)。此外,还有在我国已有报导而在西沙群岛是首次记录的绿藻：针叶蕨藻(Caulerpa sertularioides (Gmelin)Howe),杉叶蕨藻(C. tarifolia (vahl.)C.Ag.),齿形蕨藻(C. serrulata (Forssk.) J.Ag. emend Boerg.)绒毛蕨藻(C. webbiana Mont.),小钙扇藻(Udotea javensis (Mont.) A.et E.S.Gepp)环蠕藻(Neomeris annulata Dickie),小伞藻(Acetabularia m?bii Solms-Laubach)。