干旱绿洲农业区土地利用转型生态环境效应及分异机制——基于三生空间主导功能判别视角

干旱绿洲农业区生态环境脆弱,开展土地利用转型生态环境效应研究能为该区国土空间优化和农业农村可持续发展提供参考依据。论文以张掖市甘州区为例,采用转移矩阵、生态环境质量指数、移动窗口法、生态贡献率及地理探测器模型,对干旱绿洲农业区土地利用转型生态环境效应及分异机制进行研究。结果表明：① 1990—2020年生产和生活空间持续扩张、生态空间总体减少,结构从“单一农业空间增加”向“转换类型多元化”转变,功能由“生态转生产为主”向“生产与生活、生态与生产多功能相互转换”演变。② 1990—2020年土地利用转型生态环境效应总体为正,耕地面积占比较大的村镇质量指数相对较高;其他生态空间向林草水生态、农业生产空间转型的生态正效应最大,林草水生态空间向其他生态、农业生产空间转型的生态负效应最大,2010—2020年农业生产空间过度扩张挤压林草水生态空间引起的生态环境负效应正在显现。③ 人口密度、地均GDP和植被覆盖度是生态环境质量分异的关键因子,降水量、土地开发强度、耕地面积占比和地均水资源量是核心因子;因子交互作用使农业生产空间增加和林草水生态空间压缩权衡博弈产生自适应稳态机制,从而形成了总体偏低的生态环境质量格局;村镇在面对干扰冲击时的自组织、适应性和转型能力不同,导致经济发展和土地利用方式不同,进而塑造了村镇分异的生态环境质量格局。     

大兴安岭中段天险沟石英二长斑岩的成因——锆石U- Pb年龄、地球化学和Sr—Nd同位素特征

笔者等通过岩石学、锆石U- Pb年代学和地球化学等研究,对大兴安岭中段天险沟石英二长斑岩的成因、物质来源和构造背景进行了探讨。通过锆石LA- ICPMS U- Pb定年法,得到天险沟石英二长斑岩的年龄为124. 4±1. 0 Ma,时代为早白垩世早期。天险沟石英二长斑岩属碱性、准铝质岩,里特曼指数σ为3. 86～5. 10,K2O+Na2O=9. 14%～10. 35%,钾钠比为0. 93～1. 0,A/CNK=0. 76～0. 93,成因类型为I型花岗岩。岩石富集La、Ba、Ce、U等大离子亲石元素,相对亏损Hf、Zr等高场强元素;（La/Yb）N=11. 72～13. 90,分馏明显,轻稀土富集,而重稀土亏损,Nb、Ta负异常,具岛弧花岗岩的地球化学特征。δEu=1. 00～1. 59。\[n（87Sr）/n（86Sr）\]i=0. 705065,εNd（t）=1. 93,源区可能为上地幔。结合大兴安岭地区中生代地壳演化背景,认为天险沟石英二长斑岩形成于与洋壳俯冲有关的火山弧环境,区域应力场由挤压向伸展转换,岩浆源区为上地幔。     

大兴安岭中段天险沟石英二长斑岩的成因——锆石U-Pb年龄、地球化学和Sr—Nd同位素特征

本文通过岩石学、锆石U- Pb年代学和地球化学等研究,对大兴安岭中段天险沟石英二长斑岩的成因、物质来源和构造背景进行了探讨。通过锆石LA-ICPMS U-Pb定年法,得到天险沟石英二长斑岩的年龄为124.4±1.0 Ma,时代为早白垩世早期。天险沟石英二长斑岩属碱性、准铝质岩,里特曼指数σ为3.86～5.10,K2O+Na2O=9.14%～10.35%,钾钠比为0.93～1.0,A/CNK=0.76～0.93,成因类型为I型花岗岩。岩石富集La、Ba、Ce、U等大离子亲石元素,相对亏损Hf、Zr等高场强元素;（La/Yb）N=11.72～13.90,分馏明显,轻稀土富集,而重稀土亏损,Nb、Ta负异常,具岛弧花岗岩的地球化学特征。δEu=1.00～1.59。\[n（87Sr）/n（86Sr）\]i=0.705065,εNd（t）=1.93,源区可能为上地幔。结合大兴安岭地区中生代地壳演化背景,认为天险沟石英二长斑岩形成于与洋壳俯冲有关的火山弧环境,区域应力场由挤压向伸展转换,岩浆源区为上地幔。     

Research on auto-classification method of remote sensing images in mountainous areas—An application in Southwest of China

In mountainous areas, it is the undulant terrain, various types of geomorphic and land use that make the remote sensing images great metamorphism. Moreover, due to the elevation, there are many areas covered with shadow, clouds and snow that make the images more inaccurate. As a result, it would be very difficult to carry out auto-classification of RS images in these areas. The study took Southwest China as the case study area and the TM images, SPOT images as the basic information sources assisted by the auxiliary data of DEM, NDVI, topographical maps and soil maps to preprocess the images. After preprocessing by topographic correction and wiping off clouds, snow and shadows, all the image data were stacked together to form the images to be classified. Then, the research used segmentation technology and hierarchical method to extract the main types of land use in the area automatically. The results indicated that the qualitative accuracies of all types of land use extracted in Southwest China were above 90 percent, and the quantitative accuracies was above 86 percent. The goal of reducing workloads had been realized. Supported by the National Public Welfare Project on Environmental Protection (2007KYYW21), the Program of National Science and Technology research( 2006BAC01A01-05).     

机载激光测量技术在大区域工程应用中的坐标转换问题

机载激光测量技术代表了对地观测领域的一个新的发展方向。以向家坝、溪洛渡水电站通道走廊规划工程为例,介绍机载激光技术的一些应用情况,重点讨论机载激光测量技术在大区域工程实际应用中所遇到的坐标转换问题,特别是高程问题,提出可行的解决方案,为机载激光测量技术在国内的推广应用提供参考。     

中国流域的SRTM30数据提取与计算

本研究基于SRTM30数字高程模型数据,在运用D8算法计算流向的基础上,采用两种不同的方案分别提取中国的数字流域。一种是以中国国界为流出边界提取的详细的中国流域图,另外一种是将与中国接壤的周边地区包括在内提取出中国及邻近地区的流域分布图。结果表明,将与中国接壤的周边地区包含在提取范围内,得出的流域分布更能反映真实情况,对于国际间流域分布研究有着很重要的参考意义。而以中国国界提取出来的数字流域,虽然为国内相关研究广泛应用,但这种方法割裂了流域在地理上的天然联系。经过计算,采取第二种方法提取的中国范围内面积大于50 000km²的独立流域一共有23个,占总的流域面积的82.09%,与传统的中国流域划分不同的是,内陆河流域是中国第一大流域,由于处于干旱少雨的地区,该流域为人们所忽视,紧随其后的是长江、黄河、松花江、嫩江等主要流域。面积的估算理论误差在0.25%到1.73%之间。SRTM30数据质量高,1km的分辨率很适合像中国地区这样大范围的流域提取。并且可以采用更高分辨率的数据,继续进行水系的提取及其分级,从而提取出更精细的流域边界和水系分布。     

广东高要河台金矿同位素年代学研究

河台金矿是桂东-粤西成矿带中代表性大型金矿之一,其容矿围岩主要是震旦系糜棱岩,矿体受到NEE向剪切带控制。本次研究获得河台金矿云西矿段混合岩中黑云母Ar-Ar坪年龄为161.8±1.2Ma;河台金矿河海矿段富硫化物石英脉中绢云母Ar-Ar坪年龄为157.1±1.0Ma;首次测得河台金矿河海矿段富硫化物石英脉中磁黄铁矿的Re-Os等时线年龄为175.5±4.3Ma。结合前人工作,研究表明河台金矿的形成可能经历了一个复杂的演变过程,区域剪切作用主要集中在印支期-燕山早期,矿床的成矿时代可能主要集中在175Ma左右。     

Wood textures in Jinman copper deposit in western Yunnan and their genetic implications

Jinman vein copper deposit in western Yunnan occurs in a salt-bearing red clastic rock formation composed of sandstone, siltstone and shale. Wood texture is considerably developed in the ores. The metallic minerals making up the wood textures mainly include pyrite, chalcopyrite and bornite. Studies on the samples and examination of their micrographs and electron micrographs have confirmed that they belong to xenoxylon, reflecting that the ore-hosting rock series is the product of sedimentation in the terrestrial environment. Organic geochemistry and sulfur and carbon isotopic composition data indicate that the formation of the deposit is substantially related with underground hot brines and biological processes.     

盐湖区小流域人工增雨方案及效果检验

为了增加盐湖地区的降水，保护自然资源，运城市气象局和南风集团合作实施了人工增雨作业，给出并详细分析了增雨作业方案。同时利用盐湖区2001年7月至9月的降水量资料，采用回归统计评估法进行了效果检验。通过计算得出2001年人工增雨作业为盐湖区增加了30%左右的有效降水。     

AN IMPROVED SEMI-IMPLICIT TIME DIFFERENCE SCHEME OF SPECTRAL MODEL AND NUMERICAL APPLICATIONS

In fact,the popular semi-implicit time difference scheme of spectral model still includes someimportant linear terms using time explicit difference scheme,and the major terms are directlyrelated to fast internal-and external-gravity waves in the atmospheric forecasting equation.Additionally,due to using time difference on two terms at different time.the popular schemeartificially introduces unbalance between pressure gradient force and Coriolis force terms whilenumerically computing their small difference between large quantities.According to thecomputational stability analysis conducted to the linear term time difference scheme in simpleharmonic motion equation,one improved semi-implicit time difference scheme is also designed inour study.By adopting a kind of revised time-explicit-difference scheme to these linear terms thatstill included in spectral model governing equations,the defect of spectral model which only partlyusing semi-implicit integrating scheme can be overcome effectively.Moreover,besides all spectralcoefficients of prognostic equations,especially of Helmholtz divergence equation,can be workedout without any numerical iteration,the time-step (computation stability) can also be enlarged(enhanced) by properly introducing an adjustable coefficient.