山西省大雾的中尺度数值模拟

利用中尺度模式MM5（The Fifth—Generation NCAR／Penn State Mesoscale Model）对山西省2009年发生的3场典型雾个例进行了数值模拟,探讨了物理过程参数化方案对雾数值模拟的影响,确定了基于模式模拟数据的雾判别指标,为该地区大雾数值预报系统的研制提供了理论基础。结果表明,综合考虑边界层方案和辐射方案对地表温度、高空温度、2m温度及相对湿度、10m风速、雾的空间分布、雾的生消过程、雾的发展高度等要素数值模拟的影响,边界层方案选用high-resolution planetary boundary layers cheme（HIR）方案、辐射方案选用Cloud方案时,雾数值模拟的结果与实况更为一致。综合分析多个典型雾个例的模拟结果,山西省境内雾的预报指标为：20m液态水含量为0．13～0．6g·kg^（-1）,20～1500m高度大气层存在逆温层,10m风速小于4m·s^（-1）。     

西太平洋地区大气边界层内臭氧的季节变化及其影响因子分析

利用臭氧探空资料,分析了西太平洋地区香港(Hong Kong)、那霸(Naha)和札幌(Sapporo)三个站点2000~2010年期间大气边界层内臭氧(O₃)的季节分布和年变化趋势。结果表明,三个站点O₃的季节分布存在明显的差异。其中,那霸和香港大气边界层内O₃季节平均呈双峰值分布,其峰值分别出现在春季和秋季;而札幌站为单峰分布,峰值出现在春季。造成季节分布差异的主要原因包括人为污染源和自然因素如气象条件。另外,三个站点大气边界层内O₃均呈上升趋势。其中札幌、那霸上升最快,分别达0.80 ppb a-1和0.77 ppb a-1。(ppb表示10-9,下同)香港的年际增长较不明显,但秋季增长却非常明显,高达1.21 ppb a-1。结合GOME (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment) 和SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectro Meter for Atmospheric Chartography)卫星反演的NO₂数据发现,过去10年中国京津唐和东北地区的对流层内NO₂柱总量增加极为迅速。这些O₃前体物通过远距离输送是导致札幌、那霸O₃浓度增加的主要原因之一。珠江三角洲人为污染源的增加及偏北气流的影响,是导致香港地区秋季O₃增加的主要原因。     

The Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land system model, Spectral Version 2: FGOALS-s2

The Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model, Spectral Version 2 (FGOALS-s2) was used to simulate realistic climates and to study anthropogenic influences on climate change. Specifically, the FGOALS-s2 was integrated with Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) to conduct coordinated experiments that will provide valuable scientific information to climate research communities. The performances of FGOALS-s2 were assessed in simulating major climate phenomena, and documented both the strengths and weaknesses of the model. The results indicate that FGOALS-s2 successfully overcomes climate drift, and realistically models global and regional climate characteristics, including SST, precipitation, and atmospheric circulation. In particular, the model accurately captures annual and semi-annual SST cycles in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, and the main characteristic features of the Asian summer monsoon, which include a low-level southwestern jet and five monsoon rainfall centers. The simulated climate variability was further examined in terms of teleconnections, leading modes of global SST (namely, ENSO), Pacific Decadal Oscillations (PDO), and changes in 19th–20th century climate. The analysis demonstrates that FGOALS-s2 realistically simulates extra-tropical teleconnection patterns of large-scale climate, and irregular ENSO periods. The model gives fairly reasonable reconstructions of spatial patterns of PDO and global monsoon changes in the 20th century. However, because the indirect effects of aerosols are not included in the model, the simulated global temperature change during the period 1850–2005 is greater than the observed warming, by 0.6°C. Some other shortcomings of the model are also noted.     

Seasonal evolution of subtropical anticyclones in the climate system model FGOALS-s2

The simulation characteristics of the seasonal evolution of subtropical anticyclones in the Northern Hemisphere are documented for the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land Systemmodel, Spectral Version 2 (FGOALS-s2), developed at the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, the Institute of Atmospheric Physics. An understanding of the seasonal evolution of the subtropical anticyclones is also addressed. Compared with the global analysis established by the European Centre for Medium-Range Forecasts, the ERA-40 global reanalysis data, the general features of subtropical anticyclones and their evolution are simulated well in both winter and summer, while in spring a pronounced bias in the generation of the South Asia Anticyclone(SAA) exists. Its main deviation in geopotential height from the reanalysis is consistent with the bias of temperature in the troposphere. It is found that condensation heating (CO) plays a dominant role in the seasonal development of the SAA and the subtropical anticyclone over the western Pacific (SAWP) in the middle troposphere. The CO biases in the model account for the biases in the establishment of the SAA in spring and the weaker strength of the SAA and the SAWP from spring to summer. CO is persistently overestimated in the central-east tropical Pacific from winter to summer, while it is underestimated over the area from the South China Sea to the western Pacific from spring to summer. Such biases generate an illusive anticyclonic gyre in the upper troposphere above the middle Pacific and delay the generation of the SAA over South Asia in April. In midsummer, the simulated SAA is located farther north than in the ERA-40 data owing to excessively strong surface sensible heating (SE) to the north of the Tibetan Plateau. Whereas, the two surface subtropical anticyclones in the eastern oceans during spring to summer are controlled mainly by the surface SE over the two continents in the Northern Hemisphere, which are simulated reasonably well, albeit with their centers shifted westwards owing to the weaker longwave radiation cooling in the simulation associated with much weaker local stratiform cloud. Further improvements in the related parameterization of physical processes are therefore identified.     

宁波市负氧离子浓度分布与预测模型及其在旅游气象中的应用

利用2010-2011年宁波地区空气负氧离子浓度资料,分析其分布特征及与气象因素的相关性,采用逐步回归方法建立负氧离子浓度预测模型。结果表明：负氧离子浓度有市中心附近低、郊区高的地域分布特征;夜晚到清晨高、白天低,夏季高、冬季低的变化规律。据此可选择在早晨或傍晚空气负氧离子含量高的时候多到远郊污染少、植被茂密、有动态水流的地区旅游,避开冬季空气污染大的雾霾日。空气负氧离子浓度与气温、PM₁₀呈负相关,与相对湿度、雷雨、闪电等正相关,可选择在雷阵雨过后的晴朗天气出行旅游。负氧离子预测模型预报能力较好,预测模型的建立实现了宁波地区空气负氧离子浓度的定量化预报,对旅游气象服务有重要意义。     

高光谱图像分类方法综述

在过去数十年中,高光谱图像的研究与应用已经完成了从无到有、从差到优的跨越式发展.在对其研究的众多方面中,高光谱图像分类已经成为了一个最热的研究主题.研究表明空间光谱联合的分类方法可以取得比仅依赖光谱信息的逐像素分类方法更好的分类效果.本文将对众多的空间光谱联合分类方法进行归类和分析.首先介绍高光谱图像中相邻像素间的两类空间依赖性关系,因而可将现有的空谱联合分类方法分为依赖固定邻域和自适应邻域两类;此外,还可以依据是否同时利用两类依赖关系将现有方法进一步分为单依赖和双依赖两类.另外,还可以依据空谱信息融合的不同阶段将现有的分类方法划分为预处理方法、一体化方法及后处理方法三类.最后展示几种具有代表性的空间光谱联合分类方法在真实高光谱数据集上的分类结果.     

鄂西南下三叠统嘉陵江组二段白云岩化机制

鄂西南恩施地区下三叠统嘉陵江组为碳酸盐岩沉积,发育石灰岩与白云岩的互层,通过野外观察和室内分析表明,嘉二段主要发育两种类型的白云岩,即泥晶-粉晶白云岩和砂屑白云岩。在沉积环境和岩石学特征研究的基础上,结合微量元素、碳氧同位素和阴极发光等技术,对白云岩的形成机理进行了分析。泥晶-粉晶白云岩发育有鸟眼构造、窗格构造和石膏假晶等暴露沉积特征,有序度低,白云石发红色光、紫红色光,与准同生白云岩化作用有关;砂屑白云岩有序度高、Mn和Fe含量高、Na含量和Mn/Sr小,具有较负的δ18 O值和较正的δ13 C值,形成于受大气淡水影响的氧化环境,砂屑发紫红色光,与混合水白云岩化作用有关;同时,部分砂屑白云岩的Sr含量异常也揭示了其叠加了埋藏白云岩化作用,白云岩化流体来自其上覆和/或下伏泥晶-粉晶白云岩中的富Mg2+卤水。     

漠河盆地依列克得组火山活动间歇期烃源岩有机地球化学特征研究

漠河盆地早白垩世为一火山岩断陷盆地,广泛发育火山岩夹沉积岩的二元沉积建造。依列克得组烃源岩为一套发育在玄武岩系之间的湖沼相沉积岩系,烃源岩岩性为油页岩、页岩及煤岩。该套烃源岩与其周围玄武岩为同期不同相产物,与该套烃源岩直接接触的火成岩为火山熔岩或火山碎屑直接进入湖盆水体而形成。利用热解、GC, GC—MS等地球化学分析技术,对该套烃源岩生油潜力进行了初步评价,并探讨了该套烃源岩的沉积环境、母源特征及火山活动对该套烃源岩的影响。分析显示,该套烃源岩有机质丰度较高,有机质类型油页岩以Ⅱ型为主,页岩和煤岩主要为Ⅲ型,火山岩浆活动对烃源岩的烘烤作用不明显（Ro=0.56%~0.59%）,有机质热演化处于刚进入生烃门限的低成熟阶段,综合评价具有较好的生烃潜力;该套烃源岩沉积于强还原—弱还原水体环境,在垂向上含盐度具有较快的波动,处于淡水—咸水交替变化状态;母质来源具有水生生物和陆生植物混源输入特征,煤岩陆源有机质输入更丰富。     

大港油田孔南地区上石盒子组碎屑岩储层物性控制因素

通过对储层物性数据资料的分析和整理,研究了孔南地区上石盒子组碎屑岩储集层特征及其控制因素。结果表明：研究区上石盒子组碎屑岩储层为低孔低渗储层,渗透率与孔隙度呈正相关性。储层孔隙的连通性好,属于孔隙型储层。孔隙类型以次生粒间溶孔为特征。晚成岩期,岩屑、填隙物、长石颗粒以及高岭石发生溶蚀,产生了大量的次生孔隙,改善了储层物性。沉积条件、压实作用、胶结作用和溶蚀作用是控制储层性质的主要因素。     

江苏无锡阳山火山省级地质公园建设对策建议

无锡阳山火山省级地质公园是江苏已批准建立的4个省级地质公园之一,地质旅游资源丰富且独具特色,具有突出的科学价值、美学价值和历史文化价值。为推进无锡阳山火山省级地质公园建设,有针对性地提出了结合地质公园定位建设4个景区,整合资源营造旅游看点,加快实施地质遗迹保护工程,建设地质公园地质博物馆,健全管理机构和拓展引资渠道等方面的对策建议。