临太湖局地平原区人居环境的自然适宜性评价——以吴江区为例

本文以苏州市吴江区为例,利用1971—2016年吴江区常规气象观测资料、2004—2016年吴江区自动气象观测数据、2016年吴江区各镇人口和面积数据、2016年ASTER GDEM 高程数据和Landsat 8 OLI_TIRS卫星遥感数据,将湖陆风指数引入人居自然环境适宜性评价体系,建立缓冲区后,分别计算气候适宜性指数、地被指数、水文指数、湖陆风指数和人居环境自然适宜性综合指数,在此基础上,分区分级评价了吴江区人居环境的自然适宜性。研究结果表明:(1)吴江区人居环境自然适宜度从西部往东部逐渐递减。(2)一般适宜区主要位于吴江区的东北部和东南局地,中度适宜区分布在中北部和南部,较高适宜区位于中部以西太湖沿岸,高度适宜区位于紧临太湖的西南地区,极高适宜区位于西南角局部地区。(3)引入湖陆风指数后,评价结果能更好地反映临湖平原的湖陆风环流对局地气候所起的关键作用。(4)建立缓冲区后的水文指数分布能够更客观地反映吴江区不同尺度水体分布对人居环境自然选择的影响。     

河南骆驼山硫多金属矿床铟的分布富集规律

骆驼山硫多金属矿床位于华北陆块南缘栾川矿集区,是以硫和锌为主的大型有色金属矿床,并伴生有丰富的In、Cd等资源。本文以铟为重点研究对象,在详细的野外地质调查和室内显微观察的基础上,应用ICP- MS、LA- ICP- MS等分析测试手段,对骆驼山矿床不同类型的围岩、矿石及不同矿物中的In、Zn、Sn、Cd、Cu等元素的含量、分布特征及相关性开展研究,以揭示铟的分布富集规律。结果表明,骆驼山矿床角岩和矽卡岩具有较高的In背景值,In主要以类质同象的形式赋存在铁闪锌矿（平均含量276. 79×10-6）和黄铜矿（平均含量89. 73×10-6）中,主要由磁黄铁矿、闪锌矿和黄铜矿组成的致密块状矿石（In平均含量63. 90×10-6）具有重要的综合利用价值。In与其他成矿物质一样可能来自深部岩浆,其含量在垂向上的分布总体表现出近矽卡岩端较远矽卡岩端高的特点,富集程度受温度控制明显。矿石中In的富集与Zn、Cu、Cd呈正相关关系,与Sn关系不明显。In在铁闪锌矿中与Zn、Cu、Cd含量呈正相关关系,在黄铜矿中与Zn、Sn含量呈弱正相关关系,In在黄铜矿中的富集替换机制有待进一步研究。     

激光点云数据在冠高模型计算及海南林地资源监测中的应用研究

海南省森林覆盖率高、更新快、生长快、变化快,地类破碎,导致资源管理监管难、发现难、查处难等问题,激光雷达遥感作为一种新型监测技术手段,已开始应用到林地资源调查监测领域.本文研究利用机载激光点云数据建立数字表面模型、数字高程模型、生成冠层高度模型的方法,提出以此为基础进行林地采伐、生长情况监测的技术流程.实验结果表明,该方法和技术流程切实可行,可为林地资源调查以及监测提供有力的技术手段.     

青海省湟中区东岔沟克素尔组叠层石分类及地层对比

叠层石被广泛认为是地球上的一些最古老的生命痕迹,是研究地球早期生命的重要窗口。作为前寒武纪地层中的唯一常见化石,可以作为地层对比的标志,特别是中、新元古代盆地间的地层对比。青海省中祁连地层分区东岔沟村花石山群克素尔组以白云质碳酸盐岩组合为主,赋存大量叠层石。依据曹瑞骥和袁训来总结的分类方法,在研究区识别出9种不同的叠层石属,分别为：Baicalia、Chihsienella、Anabaria、Tielingella、Conicodomenia、Tungussia、Colonnella、Stratifera和Cryptozoon。研究区叠层石组合与中元古界上部蓟县系铁岭组叠层石组合具有明显的可比性,与国内其他地区的中元古代晚期—新元古代早期叠层石组合也有很强的相似性,据此推测花石山群克素尔组的年代大致为中元古代晚期。青海叠层石的报道将为我国和世界范围内中、新元古代叠层石的分布提供新产地的数据,常见叠层石属、种的垂直分布延限也有新的化石证据,对提升地层对比的精度具有重要意义。     

山西省大雾的中尺度数值模拟

利用中尺度模式MM5（The Fifth—Generation NCAR／Penn State Mesoscale Model）对山西省2009年发生的3场典型雾个例进行了数值模拟,探讨了物理过程参数化方案对雾数值模拟的影响,确定了基于模式模拟数据的雾判别指标,为该地区大雾数值预报系统的研制提供了理论基础。结果表明,综合考虑边界层方案和辐射方案对地表温度、高空温度、2m温度及相对湿度、10m风速、雾的空间分布、雾的生消过程、雾的发展高度等要素数值模拟的影响,边界层方案选用high-resolution planetary boundary layers cheme（HIR）方案、辐射方案选用Cloud方案时,雾数值模拟的结果与实况更为一致。综合分析多个典型雾个例的模拟结果,山西省境内雾的预报指标为：20m液态水含量为0．13～0．6g·kg^（-1）,20～1500m高度大气层存在逆温层,10m风速小于4m·s^（-1）。     

西太平洋地区大气边界层内臭氧的季节变化及其影响因子分析

利用臭氧探空资料,分析了西太平洋地区香港(Hong Kong)、那霸(Naha)和札幌(Sapporo)三个站点2000~2010年期间大气边界层内臭氧(O₃)的季节分布和年变化趋势。结果表明,三个站点O₃的季节分布存在明显的差异。其中,那霸和香港大气边界层内O₃季节平均呈双峰值分布,其峰值分别出现在春季和秋季;而札幌站为单峰分布,峰值出现在春季。造成季节分布差异的主要原因包括人为污染源和自然因素如气象条件。另外,三个站点大气边界层内O₃均呈上升趋势。其中札幌、那霸上升最快,分别达0.80 ppb a-1和0.77 ppb a-1。(ppb表示10-9,下同)香港的年际增长较不明显,但秋季增长却非常明显,高达1.21 ppb a-1。结合GOME (Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment) 和SCIAMACHY (Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectro Meter for Atmospheric Chartography)卫星反演的NO₂数据发现,过去10年中国京津唐和东北地区的对流层内NO₂柱总量增加极为迅速。这些O₃前体物通过远距离输送是导致札幌、那霸O₃浓度增加的主要原因之一。珠江三角洲人为污染源的增加及偏北气流的影响,是导致香港地区秋季O₃增加的主要原因。     

The Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land system model, Spectral Version 2: FGOALS-s2

The Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System model, Spectral Version 2 (FGOALS-s2) was used to simulate realistic climates and to study anthropogenic influences on climate change. Specifically, the FGOALS-s2 was integrated with Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) to conduct coordinated experiments that will provide valuable scientific information to climate research communities. The performances of FGOALS-s2 were assessed in simulating major climate phenomena, and documented both the strengths and weaknesses of the model. The results indicate that FGOALS-s2 successfully overcomes climate drift, and realistically models global and regional climate characteristics, including SST, precipitation, and atmospheric circulation. In particular, the model accurately captures annual and semi-annual SST cycles in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, and the main characteristic features of the Asian summer monsoon, which include a low-level southwestern jet and five monsoon rainfall centers. The simulated climate variability was further examined in terms of teleconnections, leading modes of global SST (namely, ENSO), Pacific Decadal Oscillations (PDO), and changes in 19th–20th century climate. The analysis demonstrates that FGOALS-s2 realistically simulates extra-tropical teleconnection patterns of large-scale climate, and irregular ENSO periods. The model gives fairly reasonable reconstructions of spatial patterns of PDO and global monsoon changes in the 20th century. However, because the indirect effects of aerosols are not included in the model, the simulated global temperature change during the period 1850–2005 is greater than the observed warming, by 0.6°C. Some other shortcomings of the model are also noted.     

Seasonal evolution of subtropical anticyclones in the climate system model FGOALS-s2

The simulation characteristics of the seasonal evolution of subtropical anticyclones in the Northern Hemisphere are documented for the Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land Systemmodel, Spectral Version 2 (FGOALS-s2), developed at the State Key Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics, the Institute of Atmospheric Physics. An understanding of the seasonal evolution of the subtropical anticyclones is also addressed. Compared with the global analysis established by the European Centre for Medium-Range Forecasts, the ERA-40 global reanalysis data, the general features of subtropical anticyclones and their evolution are simulated well in both winter and summer, while in spring a pronounced bias in the generation of the South Asia Anticyclone(SAA) exists. Its main deviation in geopotential height from the reanalysis is consistent with the bias of temperature in the troposphere. It is found that condensation heating (CO) plays a dominant role in the seasonal development of the SAA and the subtropical anticyclone over the western Pacific (SAWP) in the middle troposphere. The CO biases in the model account for the biases in the establishment of the SAA in spring and the weaker strength of the SAA and the SAWP from spring to summer. CO is persistently overestimated in the central-east tropical Pacific from winter to summer, while it is underestimated over the area from the South China Sea to the western Pacific from spring to summer. Such biases generate an illusive anticyclonic gyre in the upper troposphere above the middle Pacific and delay the generation of the SAA over South Asia in April. In midsummer, the simulated SAA is located farther north than in the ERA-40 data owing to excessively strong surface sensible heating (SE) to the north of the Tibetan Plateau. Whereas, the two surface subtropical anticyclones in the eastern oceans during spring to summer are controlled mainly by the surface SE over the two continents in the Northern Hemisphere, which are simulated reasonably well, albeit with their centers shifted westwards owing to the weaker longwave radiation cooling in the simulation associated with much weaker local stratiform cloud. Further improvements in the related parameterization of physical processes are therefore identified.     

宁波市负氧离子浓度分布与预测模型及其在旅游气象中的应用

利用2010-2011年宁波地区空气负氧离子浓度资料,分析其分布特征及与气象因素的相关性,采用逐步回归方法建立负氧离子浓度预测模型。结果表明：负氧离子浓度有市中心附近低、郊区高的地域分布特征;夜晚到清晨高、白天低,夏季高、冬季低的变化规律。据此可选择在早晨或傍晚空气负氧离子含量高的时候多到远郊污染少、植被茂密、有动态水流的地区旅游,避开冬季空气污染大的雾霾日。空气负氧离子浓度与气温、PM₁₀呈负相关,与相对湿度、雷雨、闪电等正相关,可选择在雷阵雨过后的晴朗天气出行旅游。负氧离子预测模型预报能力较好,预测模型的建立实现了宁波地区空气负氧离子浓度的定量化预报,对旅游气象服务有重要意义。     

鄂西南下三叠统嘉陵江组二段白云岩化机制

鄂西南恩施地区下三叠统嘉陵江组为碳酸盐岩沉积,发育石灰岩与白云岩的互层,通过野外观察和室内分析表明,嘉二段主要发育两种类型的白云岩,即泥晶-粉晶白云岩和砂屑白云岩。在沉积环境和岩石学特征研究的基础上,结合微量元素、碳氧同位素和阴极发光等技术,对白云岩的形成机理进行了分析。泥晶-粉晶白云岩发育有鸟眼构造、窗格构造和石膏假晶等暴露沉积特征,有序度低,白云石发红色光、紫红色光,与准同生白云岩化作用有关;砂屑白云岩有序度高、Mn和Fe含量高、Na含量和Mn/Sr小,具有较负的δ18 O值和较正的δ13 C值,形成于受大气淡水影响的氧化环境,砂屑发紫红色光,与混合水白云岩化作用有关;同时,部分砂屑白云岩的Sr含量异常也揭示了其叠加了埋藏白云岩化作用,白云岩化流体来自其上覆和/或下伏泥晶-粉晶白云岩中的富Mg2+卤水。