中国近海海表温度对气候变暖及暂缓的显著响应

基于多套全球海温再分析数据和2种线性趋势分析方法,评估了1958-2014年中国近海海表温度（SST）的变化及其对全球气候变化的响应特征,并与全球平均地表温度特别是与若干重要海区的SST做了比较。研究表明：在全球变暖的显著加速期（1980年代和1990年代）,中国近海区域年平均SST表现出更快速的升温特征,其速率达0.60℃/10a,是同期全球平均升温速率的5倍以上;在变暖暂缓期（1998-2014年）,中国近海SST出现显著的下降趋势。研究还表明,中国近海区域SST的年代际变化与太平洋年代际涛动（PDO）的位相转换一致,前者SST的快速上升（下降）期与PDO正（负）位相最大值的时期相对应,PDO可能是通过东亚季风和黑潮影响中国近海SST的年代际变化。     

前言

叶笃正院士是世界著名的气象学家,是中国现代大气科学奠基人之一。他在罗斯贝波的能量频散、大气运动的适应过程、东亚大气环流变化、青藏高原对大气环流和气候的热力效应以及全球气候变化及其适应等研究领域做出了系统而开创性的贡献。     

中国长江流域洪涝灾害和持续性暴雨的发生特征及成因

主要综述了最近关于中国长江流域洪涝灾害和持续性暴雨发生特征和成因的研究。表明:长江流域洪涝灾害和持续性暴雨的发生频率非常高,并给经济造成了严重损失,长江流域洪涝灾害发生不仅具有准两年周期的年际变化,而且具有明显的年代际变化,从1977年之后,长江流域洪涝灾害和持续性暴雨增多;并且,表明了无论是长江中、下游地区或是长江上游的川东地区持续性暴雨都是在"鞍"型大尺度环流系统的配置下发生,这是由于这种大尺度环流系统的配置不仅利于水汽输送到长江中、下游地区或上游的川东地区,而且利于在"鞍"型中心地区产生垂直对流不稳定,从而引起暴雨中尺度系统的发展。此外,还综述了长江流域洪涝灾害和持续性暴雨发生的成因的研究,这些研究表明了长江流域洪涝灾害和持续性暴雨发生的年际和年代际变化是与大气-海洋-陆面耦合的东亚季风气候系统的变异密切相关。     

大气热带波动研究进展

本文简要回顾了热带波动的浅水理论解及对应的波动特征。系统介绍了从观测资料中区分和分离热带波动的信号的方法,指出近年来在热带波动观测和分离研究方面取得了明显进展,许多不同于经典波动理论的新特征被揭示。在此基础上回顾了几种影响波动演变的机制（如,波流相互作用、波动—积云对流相互作用、水汽作用等）来部分解释观测热带波动与理论的差异的可能原因。这些研究表明局地大尺度环流和湿对流等在热带波动结构演变、强度和位置中有着重要作用。文中还综述了热带波动对热带气旋生成和路径的影响及可能机制,这表明热带波动的变化能够较好解释热带天气（如,热带气旋）的变化特征。最后,大气热带波动研究依然有许多科学问题亟待解决,它对于大气科学发展具有重要科学意义。     

Impact of the thermal state of the tropical western Pacific on onset date and process of the South China Sea summer monsoon

Since the early or late onset of the South China Sea summer monsoon （SCSM） has a large impact on summer monsoon rainfall in East Asia, the mechanism and process of early or late onset of the SCSM are an worthy issue to study. In this paper, the results analyzed by using the observed data show that the onset date and process of the SCSM are closely associated with the thermal state of the tropical western Pacific in spring. When the tropical western Pacific is in a warming state in spring, the western Pacific subtropical high shifts eastward, and twin cyclones are early caused over the Bay of Bengal and Sumatra before the SCSM onset. In this case, the cyclonic circulation located over the Bay of Bengal can be early intensified and become into a strong trough. Thus, the westerly flow and convective activity can be intensified over Sumatra, the Indo-China Peninsula and the South China Sea （SCS） in mid-May. This leads to early onset of the SCSM. In contrast, when the tropical western Pacific is in a cooling state, the western Pacific subtropical high anomalously shifts westward, the twin cyclones located over the equatorial eastern Indian Ocean and Sumatra are weakened, and the twin anomaly anticyclones appear over these regions from late April to mid-May. Thus, the westerly flow and convective activity cannot be early intensified over the Indo-China Peninsula and the SCS. Only when the western Pacific subtropical high moves eastward, the weak trough located over the Bay of Bengal can be intensified and become into a strong trough, the strong southwesterly wind and convective activity can be intensified over the Indo-China Peninsula and the SCS in late May. Thus, this leads to late onset of the SCSM. Moreover, in this paper, the influencing mechanism of the thermal state of the tropical western Pacific on the SCSM onset is discussed further from the Walker circulation anomalies in the different thermal states of the tropical western Pacific.     

RESEARCH ON THE INTERANNUAL AND INTERDECADAL VARIABILITIES OF THE MONSOON TROUGH AND THEIR IMPACTS ON TROPICAL CYCLONE GENESIS OVER THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN

In this paper, we mainly summarize and review the progresses in recent climatological studies (by CMSR, IAP/CAS and some associated domestic and international institutions) on the interannual and interdecadal variabilities of monsoon troughs and their impacts on tropical cyclones and typhoons (TCs) geneses over the western North Pacific Ocean. The climatological characteristics of monsoon troughs and four types of circulation patterns favorable to TCs genesis over the western North Pacific Ocean in summer and autumn are given in this paper. It is also shown in this paper that the monsoon trough over the western North Pacific Ocean has obvious interannual and interdecadal variabilities. Especially, it is revealed in this paper that the interannual and interdecadal variabilities of the monsoon trough over the western North Pacific Ocean influence the TCs genesis not only through the impact on distributions of the vorticity in the lower troposphere and the divergence in the upper troposphere, the water vapor in the mid- and lower troposphere and the vertical shear of wind fields between the upper and lower troposphere over the western North Pacific Ocean, but also through the dynamical effects of the transition between convectively coupled tropical waves and providing disturbance energy. Besides, some climatological problems associated with TCs activity over the western North Pacific Ocean that need to be studied further are also pointed out in this paper.     

综合长期预报方法及对旱涝季度与超季度预报试验

本文简要地介绍我们在对旱涝规律与成因研究的基础上所提出的综合长期预报方法,这种方法是由一个描述准定常行星波异常的动力机制模式、相关分析、环流型、时间序列与回归分析等的综合。经过多年的预报实践,证明它是提高旱涝超季度预报准确率的一种可行方法。     

ENSO及热带海-气相互作用动力学研究的新进展

本文回顾了最近几年关于ENSO事件及热带海-气相互作用动力学方面研究的最新成就及新发现的观测事实,还指出热带西太平洋海-气相互作用对北半球大气环流异常的作用。     

关于气候灾害及其成因与预测的研究

综述了气候灾害及其对农业生产的影响、气候灾害的时空特征与成因、以及作者近年来对气候灾害预测方法的研究与试验工作,并且对今后关于气候灾害研究的方向与重点提出了一些看法和建议。     

大气科学研究的一个前沿领域——气候系统动力学与气候预测

从气候环境的变化及其对工农业和人类生活的影响论述了气候系统动力学和气候预测研究在地球科学中的地位和作用，指出气候动力学与气候变化预测是当今大气科学的一个重要前沿研究领域；并从气候系统及其各子系统的相互作用论述了气候系统动力与气候预测的研究对象和主要研究内容；此外，还从当今气候和环境科学发展的趋势和特点指出气候动力学研究应采取的研究路径与方法。