长江中下游持续性异常降水的天气学特征分析

针对长江中下游持续性降水的研究多为个例诊断,很少从合成的角度考虑,利用长江中下游地区89站的1961~2011年的逐日降水资料和NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,采用数理统计和合成分析的方法,统计长江中下游地区夏季持续性降水事件,并合成分析了其环流特征。结果表明:1961~2011年,长江中下游地区夏季持续性异常降水事件发生了50次,主要集中在6月和7月,长江中下游地区持续性异常降水事件平均每2~3年发生一次。厄尔尼诺次年多有持续性异常降水发生;长江中下游地区持续性异常事件发生时,总伴有环流场的异常调整,低纬西太平洋副热带高压西伸,南北经向风在长江流域交汇,高层上,南亚高压东移,长江中下游地区出现强的辐散中心,为异常降水提供了重要条件。水汽来源主要是索马里越赤道气流途径暖湿的阿拉伯海,孟加拉湾和我国南海北部,进入长江中下游地区。     

不同年代际背景下1963年和1996年华北盛夏降水及其原因的对比分析

为了揭示不同年代际背景下1963年和1996年华北盛夏降水的不同特点及其成因,利用ECWMF逐月再分析资料和中国160站逐月降水等资料,采用合成分析、统计t检验等方法,重点从大气环流和大尺度降水条件方面对比分析1963年和1996年华北盛夏降水产生原因的不同。主要结论如下:1963年华北盛夏降水要多于1996年华北盛夏降水;1963年华北盛夏降水为季风降水,而1996年华北盛夏降水为系统降水;影响1963年华北盛夏降水的中国东部地区500hPa位势高度场的距平分布为"北高南低"型,而影响1996年华北盛夏降水的中国东部500hPa位势高度场的距平分布为"西高东低"型。     

基于泊松分布的川东暴雨概率特征分析

暴雨是川东地区主要的气象灾害之一,对经济建设有重大影响。为进一步揭示该地区暴雨的统计特征,利用川东地区有代表性的4个测站（重庆、达州、巴中、南充）47年间（1961-2007年）4-10月日降水量资料,借助于泊松分布模式对该地区暴雨概率特征进行了分析。结果表明：用泊松分布模式能很好地描述川东地区的暴雨概率分布特征;模式计算均得出所研究的4站每年出现3次暴雨的机率最大。     

广东省前汛期多雨或少雨年降水异常研究

广东省前汛期降水的年际变化较大,为对广东地区的旱涝变化有进一步的认识,利用广东省观测资料、NCEP全球再分析资料以及向外长波辐射通量资料,采用经验正交函数分解和合成分析方法研究了1970~2007年广东前汛期4~6月降水的年际变化异常以及时空特征,得出第一类雨型是广东前汛期一致多雨或少雨型。对造成第一类雨型的异常特征进行分析,得出:中高纬度地区大尺度环流场的变异引起环流异常分布,使得副高、西南季风水汽输送、冷空气活动等气候场产生变异,从而引起广东前汛期降水异常。经向风、相对湿度、垂直运动、向外长波辐射通量等分析得到多雨年与少雨年水汽条件、垂直运动条件、对流发展活动环流异常的分布特征。     

川东北一次秋季暴雨的诊断分析

针对2012年8月30日~9月1日发生在川东北地区的一次暴雨过程,利用24小时加密雨量观测资料、NCEP再分析格点资料,采用Barnes滤波方法及天气学诊断方法,对此次暴雨过程进行了分析。结果表明:在高原槽后冷空气与副热带高压西北侧西南暖湿气流交汇的环境场下,中尺度低压是此次暴雨的直接影响系统;低空西南急流不仅为川东北暴雨提供丰沛的水汽,同时也为中尺度系统的形成、发展提供能量来源和有利的动力条件;大尺度环境场为暴雨提供水汽来源及能量,而中尺度系统在层结不稳定触发下释放潜热产生对流,并为水汽的辐合和向上输送做出贡献;低层辐合、高层辐散的散度配置,有利于暴雨的发生与维持。     

湛江市降水年代际特征及其影响机制

【目的】研究湛江地区降水的年际、年代际特征及其影响因素。【数据】基于1962-2016年湛江地区6个国家气象观测站的逐日降水资料、同期月平均ONI、PDO序列和月平均风场、相对湿度等再分析资料,【方法】结合线性倾向估计、连续小波变换、相关分析等多种统计学方法。【结果与结论】湛江地区降水存在准2 a、5~8 a的年际振荡,降水日数有显著的准40 a年代际振荡;夏、秋季节的降水变化构成了湛江地区全年降水变化的主要部分;除冬季降水量增加外,各季节降水与降水日数基本呈现"偏多-偏少"的年代际特征;进一步对比发现P1(降水偏多)时期涝年较多,旱年较少,P2(降水偏少)时期恰好相反,但严重涝年偏多,降水强度增大,极端性降水事件发生频次增多。通过对湛江地区降水可能产生影响的因素分析发现:P2时期湛江地区降水频次的减少主要是由于西北太平洋副热带高压的增强、西南季风的减弱以及夏、秋季孟加拉湾和中南半岛异常下沉气流影响所致;冬季南海东部低层异常气旋环流是P2时期降水增加的一个主要原因;P2时期ENSO、PDO等大尺度海气系统在调控湛江地区降水变化中所起作用均有增加。     

东亚季风和中国梅雨暴雨研究的评述

1998年夏季长江继54年以后再次发生全流域性洪水,江淮流域暴雨持续发生,暴雨的发生发展维持机理的研究再次引起全国气象工作者的关注和重视。本文主要介绍了中国气象学者在梅雨暴雨方面做过的一些工作,主要包括梅雨的早期研究,东亚季风的进展,持续性暴雨的研究等方面,指出东亚季风与中国梅雨期持续性暴雨之间存在必然联系,从东亚季风异常着手,一定可以在梅雨暴雨的研究上取得进展,并为暴雨的短期预报提供依据     

内外因耦合预测1998年长江持续性特大暴雨的实践检验及其发生机理

特大暴雨的成因和预测,至今仍是世界性科学难点之一。然而,我们运用内外因耦合方法,对1998年长江发生的6次持续性大暴雨到特大暴雨过程,事先比较准确地报出了其中5次。特大暴雨的内外因耦合的原理是:特大暴雨必须在暴雨天气形势基本具备情况下,与月亮奇异位置时的非线性引力效应及其引潮力共振减压的触发相耦合而引起。两者缺一不可,其机理是:引潮力共振减压是在暴雨区上空施加一个异常的提升力,加强暴雨区的上升运动,引起水汽凝结潜热加速释放,形成中尺度系统,并且通过多次正反馈,导致暴雨区水汽凝结潜热的强烈释放,从而形成特大暴雨。由于引潮力共振严格取决于月亮奇异位置的发生时刻,即它是瞬时的和突然发生的,因而特大暴雨往往属于突发性的非线性现象是不足为奇的。     

一次持续大暴雨过程新一代天气雷达回波特征分析

为探讨西北地区东部的持续大暴雨过程成因及预警指标,利用2010年7月22~23日500~700hPa大气环流背景及天气影响系统和西峰新一代多普勒天气雷达回波资料分析,结果得到:500hPa西太平洋副热带高压外围河套地区环境场的演变高压外围低涡发展及维持,是这次持续性大暴雨过程的大气环流背景和影响天气系统,700hPa强盛的水汽场输送场与汇聚作用为这次持续性大暴雨过程提供了充沛的水汽条件,随着500hPa河套地区低涡-切变辐合系统的准静止维持造成这次持续性大暴雨过程;大暴雨前1.5~9.7km垂直方向上,存在明显的东南风场与西南风场的切变,风向随高度顺转,对应持续的暖平流;天气雷达强度回波反射率因子≥40dBz,暴雨期间维持少变;径向速度回波的水平辐合和气旋性涡旋运动与河套低涡切变天气系统对应一致;垂直液态水含量≥35kg.m2的雨团范围大、持续时间长;云顶回波高度维持在8km以上,对监测预警持续大暴雨天气具有一定指示意义。     

接入实时降雨数据的暴雨型洪涝灾害临灾预警方法

针对现有暴雨型洪涝灾害预警方法时效性差的问题,提出了一种接入实时降雨数据的暴雨型洪涝灾害临灾预警方法。根据时序分析模型由历史降雨数据和实时降雨数据分析识别异常降雨,并将异常降雨、地形起伏、高程和河网因素作为影响因子,构建暴雨型洪涝灾害风险指数,以"日"为时间尺度进行短时暴雨型洪涝灾害风险分析。从异常降雨致灾角度出发,根据降雨的异常程度将暴雨型洪涝灾害风险等级划分为无风险、低风险、中风险、中高风险和高风险5个等级,进而实现临灾预警,为防灾减灾提供一定的参考信息。以广东省清远市2014年5月的洪涝灾害为例,接入5月21日至5月26日期间逐日降雨量数据,实现了临灾风险分析。实验结果表明,六日内清远市阳山县中下区域发生暴雨洪涝灾害的风险较大,与实际灾情相吻合,达到了较好的预警效果。     

Long-term variabilities of thermodynamic structure of the East China Sea Cold Eddy in summer

Based on more than 30 years observed sectional temperature data since the 1960s, and compared with multi-year wind and Changjiang (Yangtze) River discharge data, spatial-temporal variations of the East China Sea Cold Eddy (ECSCE) in summer was analyzed in relationship to ocean circulation and local atmospheric circulation. Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) and Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) analyseswere applied to this study. The results show that: l) The ECSCE in summer possesses significant interannual variabilities, which are directly associated with oceanic and atmospheric circulation anomaly. Main fluctuations demonstrate their falling in basically with E1 Nino events (interannual) and interdecadal variability. 2) The ECSCE in summer is closely related to the variation of the Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC) and the Changjiang River discharge. The stronger the YSWC, the more intensive the ECSCE with its center shifting westward,and vice versa. However, a negative correlation between the Changjiang River discharge and the ECSCE strength is shown. The ECSCE was strengthened after the abrupt global climate change affected by the interdecadal variation of the YSWC. 3) SVD analysis suggested a high correlation between the variation of the ECSCE in summer and the anomalous cyclonic atmospheric circulation over the ECS. Intensification of the cyclonic wind strengthens the ECSCE, and vice versa. 4) The cyclonic atmospheric circulation has dominant influence on the interannual variation of the ECSCE, and the influence of the ocean circulation takes the second in. The ECSCE was usually stronger in E1 Nifio years affected by strong cyclonic circulation in the atmosphere. The variation in strength of the ECSCE resulted from the joint effect of both oceanic and atmospheric circulation.     

NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF INTERANNUAL AND INTERDECADAL VARIABILITY OF SURFACE WIND OVER THE TROPICAL PACIFIC

A global atmospheric general circulation model (L9R15 AGCMs) forced by COADS SST was integrated from 1945 to 1993. Interannual and interdecadal variability of the simulated surface wind over the tropical Pacific was analyzed and shown to agree vey well with observation. Simulation of surface wind over the central-western equatorial Pacific was more successful than that over the eastern Pacific. Zonal propagating feature of interannual variability of the tropical Pacific wind anomalies and its decadal difference were also simulated successfully. The close agreement between simulation and observation on the existence of obvious interdecadal variability of tropical Pacific surface wind attested to the high simulation capability of AGCM.     

2011年春夏长江中下游旱涝急转的低频环流系统变化

为研究2011年春夏长江中下游地区旱涝急转现象与低频环流的关系,利用国家气象信息中心的753站逐日降水、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和带通滤波的方法,得到如下结果：（1）2011年5-6月,长江中下游地区存在明显旱涝急转现象,5月的降水较同期偏少40％以上,6月的降水较同期偏多60％。（2）5-6月的旱涝急转前后,长江中下游地区的500hPa的垂直速度变化不仅与降水有很好的关系,而且其低频振荡的强度也显著加强,垂直速度由正（下沉运动）转负（上升运动）的转换时间几乎对应由旱转涝的时间。（3）对旱涝急转过程的500hPa低频变化垂直速度下沉运动最强、下沉运动向上升运动转换、上升运动最强3个位相的低频散度场分析发现,在5月干旱期间,长江中下游地区维持对流层低层（850hPa）辐散、高层（200hPa）辐合的低频环流系统,不利于降水。到6月强降水期,长江中下游地区则迅速转为对流层低层辐合、高层辐散的低频环流系统,有利于降水的发生。这种对流层低层-高层低频环流系统的变化是导致旱涝急转的重要原因之一。     

Monsoon-Ocean Coupled Modes in the South China Sea and Their Linkage with the Eastern Indian Ocean-Western Pacific Warm Pool

Monsoon-ocean coupled modes in the South China Sea （SCS） were investigated by a combined singular value decomposition （CSVD） analysis based on sea surface temperature （SST） and sea surface wind stress （SWS） fields from SODA （Simple Ocean Data Assimilation） data spanning the period of 1950-1999. The coupled fields achieved the maximum correlation when the SST lagged SWS by one month, indicating that the SCS coupled system mainly reflected the response of the SST to monsoon forcing. Three significant coupled modes were found in the SCS, accounting for more than 80% of the cumulative squared covariance fraction. The first three SST spatial patterns from CSVD were： （Ⅰ） the monopole pattern along the isobaths in the SCS central basin; （Ⅱ） the north-south dipole pattern; and （Ⅲ） the west-east seesaw pattern. The expansion coefficient of the SST leading mode showed interdecadal and interannual variability and correlation with the Indo-Pacific warm pool （IPWP）, suggesting that the SCS belongs to part of the IPWP at interannual and interdecadal time scales. The second mode had a lower correlation coefficient with the warm pool index because its main period was at intra-annual time scales instead of the interannual and interdecadal scales with the warm pools. The third mode had similar periods to those of the leading mode, but lagged the eastern Indian Ocean warm pool （EIWP） and western Pacific warm pool （WPWP） by five months and one year respectively, implying that the SCS response to the warm pool variation occurred from the western Pacific to the eastern Indian Ocean, which might have been related to the variation of Indonesian throughflow. All three modes in the SCS had more significant correlations with the EIWP, which means the SCS SST varied much more coherently with the EIWP than the WPWP, suggesting that the SCS belongs mostly to part of the EIWP. The expansion coefficients of the SCS SST modes all had negative correlations with the Nino3 index, which they lag by several months, indicating a remote response of SCS SST variability to the El Nifio events.     

Interannual variations of surface winds over China marginal seas

In a study of surface monsoon winds over the China marginal seas, Sun et al. (2012) use singular value decomposition method to identify regional dominant modes and analyze their interdecadal variability. This paper continues to evaluate the interannual variability of each dominant mode and its relation to various atmospheric, oceanic and land factors. The findings include: 1) The intensity of the winter monsoon over the East China Sea is highly correlated with the Siberian High intensity and anti-correlated with the latitudinal position of the Aleutian Low as well as the rainfall in eastern China, Korean Peninsula and Japan; 2) The western Pacific subtropical high is significantly correlated with the summer monsoon intensity over the East China Sea and anti-correlated with the summer monsoon over the South China Sea; 3) The winter monsoon in a broad zonal belt through the Luzon Strait is dominated by the ENSO signal, strengthening in the La Ni a phase and weakening in the El Ni o phase. This inverse relation exhibits interdecadal shift with a period of weak correlation in the 1980s; 4) Analysis of tidal records validates the interdecadal weakening of the East Asian summer monsoon and reveals an atmospheric bridge that conveys the ENSO signal into the South China Sea via the winter monsoon.     

Interdecadal variations of surface winds over China marginal seas

Long term variability in the surface winds over the marginal seas of China is examined with a dominant-mode singular value decomposition method. Both interannual and interdecadal patterns are found to be seasonally and spatially dependent, with reanalyses and satellite remote sensing data yielding highly consistent results. The study reveals that summer monsoon winds over the East China Sea experienced an interdecadal weakening in the late 1960s and began a persistent recovery in 2005. The study also shows gradual weakening of the winter monsoon in the southern South China Sea by more than 2m/s since the 1960s, with corroboration from coastal climate stations in Borneo. This phenomenon has not been reported in previous monsoon studies.     

ENSO cycle and climate anomaly in China

The inter-annual variability of the tropical Pacific Subsurface Ocean Temperature Anomaly (SOTA) and the associated anomalous atmospheric circulation over the Asian North Pacific during the El Ni o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) were investigated using National Centers for Environmental Prediction/ National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) atmospheric reanalysis data and simple ocean data simulation (SODA). The relationship between the ENSO and the climate of China was revealed. The main results indicated the following: 1) there are two ENSO modes acting on the subsurface tropical Pacific. The first mode is related to the mature phase of ENSO, which mainly appears during winter. The second mode is associated with a transition stage of the ENSO developing or decaying, which mainly occurs during summer; 2) during the mature phase of El Ni o, the meridionality of the atmosphere in the mid-high latitude increases, the Aleutian low and high pressure ridge over Lake Baikal strengthens, northerly winds prevail in northern China, and precipitation in northern China decreases significantly. The ridge of the Ural High strengthens during the decaying phase of El Ni o, as atmospheric circulation is sustained during winter, and the northerly wind anomaly appears in northern China during summer. Due to the ascending branch of the Walker circulation over the western Pacific, the western Pacific Subtropical High becomes weaker, and south-southeasterly winds prevail over southern China. As a result, less rainfall occurs over northern China and more rainfall over the Changjiang River basin and the southwestern and eastern region of Inner Mongolia. The flood disaster that occurred south of Changjiang River can be attributed to this. The La Ni a event causes an opposite, but weaker effect; 3) the ENSO cycle can influence climate anomalies within China via zonal and meridional heat transport. This is known as the "atmospheric-bridge", where the energy anomaly within the tropical Pacific transfers to the mid-high latitude in the northern Pacific through Hadley cells and Rossby waves, and to the western Pacific-eastern Indian Ocean through Walker circulation. This research also discusses the special air-sea boundary processes during the ENSO events in the tropical Pacific, and indicates that the influence of the subsurface water of the tropical Pacific on the atmospheric circulation may be realized through the sea surface temperature anomalies of the mixed water, which contact the atmosphere and transfer the anomalous heat and moisture to the atmosphere directly. Moreover, the reason for the heavy flood within the Changjiang River during the summer of 1998 is reviewed in this paper.     

Variation in joint mode of the tropical Indian-Pacific Ocean thermodynamic anomaly

Previous research has defined the index of the Indian-Pacific thermodynamic anomaly joint mode (IPTAJM) and suggested that the winter IPTAJM has an important impact on summer rainfall over China. However, the possible causes for the interannual and decadal variability of the IPTAJM are still unclear. Therefore, this work investigates zonal displacements of both the western Pacific warm pool (WPWP) and the eastern Indian Ocean warm pool (EIOWP). The relationships between the WPWP and the EIOWP and the IPTAJM are each examined, and then the impacts of the zonal wind anomalies over the equatorial Pacific and Indian Oceans on the IPTAJM are studied. The WPWP eastern edge anomaly displays significant interannual and decadal variability and experienced a regime shift in about 1976 and 1998, whereas the EIOWP western edge exhibits only distinct interannual variability. The decadal variability of the IPTAJM may be mainly caused by both the zonal migration of the WPWP and the 850 hPa zonal wind anomaly over the central equatorial Pacific. On the other hand, the zonal migrations of both the WPWP and the EIOWP and the zonal wind anomalies over the central equatorial Pacific and the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean may be all responsible for the interannual variability of the IPTAJM.     

四川省滑坡灾害气象预警模型建立与验证

四川省滑坡灾害严重,特别是2008年之后,灾情显著加剧,如何预防滑坡灾害是保护人民生命财产安全的有效途径。滑坡灾害的预警模型研究是滑坡灾害预防领域的核心课题。本文对四川省滑坡灾害危险性进行了评价,并开展了滑坡灾害气象风险预警模型研究。①以确定性系数的方法量化坡度、地形起伏度、水文地质岩性、植被覆盖度、地震烈度和年均降雨量因子,建立逻辑回归模型,定量地进行四川省滑坡灾害危险性区划,并对结果进行验证。结果表明,四川省滑坡灾害高危险性区域成“Y”字型分布,此外川中、川东北地区滑坡灾害危险性也非常高,这与四川省滑坡灾害的空间分布情况相符。②在前期滑坡灾害与降雨量统计分析、滑坡灾害危险性评价的基础上,以滑坡灾害危险性评价为静态因子,日降雨量数据为动态因子,通过逻辑回归模型的结果,确定以当日降雨量概率化值、滑坡灾害危险性值、前一日降雨概率化值、前两日降雨概率化值、前三日降雨概率化值为临灾模型影响因子,各因子对预警结果影响程度按上述顺序递减,建立了地质-气象耦合的临灾气象预警模型。通过检验区数据对模型的检验表明,该预警模型能成功预警80%以上的滑坡灾害;通过滑坡灾害群发个例检验发现,该预警模型与四川省现用模型相比,预警区域明显减小,空报率和漏报率显著降低。     

Landslide hazard mapping during a large scale earthquake

This paper reports a method to make hazard maps of sediment disasters resulting from an earthquake and following heavy rainfall for the entire region of Gunma prefecture, Japan. Firstly, we identified the slopes in the study area, which are susceptible to large-scale landslides and land failures during an earthquake with a magnitude of seven on the Richter scale. To analyze the sheer volume of the data, we employed a statistical method to evaluate the susceptibility, mainly considering geomorphologic conditions. Secondly, we extracted mudflow and slope failure susceptible areas and potential flooding zones resulting from a damming at a river triggered by the earthquake and heavy rainfall, and we identified the settlements which would be isolated by the road disruption caused by the sediment disasters. As the result, 359 settlements were classified as potential isolation areas. Combining the above-mentioned susceptibility maps, we obtained two types of sediment disaster hazard maps of the study area, depicting the potential hazards which would occur during the earthquake and the disasters which would be caused by heavy rainfall following the quake, respectively. These hazard maps and the disaster information would be useful for the regional disaster prevention planning and countermeasures in the future.