热带次表层海温对中国东部夏季气候的影响

热带海洋热状况是影响中国气候变化的主要因子之一,为了研究热带次表层海温如何影响中国气候,通过相关计算和合成分析等方法讨论了热带太平洋至印度洋次表层海温异常对中国东部夏季降水和温度的影响。结果表明:当冬季赤道东印度洋至西太平洋次表层海温偏暖(偏冷),中印度洋和东太平洋次表层海温偏冷(偏暖),夏季,长江中下游地区降水偏少(偏多),华南、华北和东北大部地区降水偏多(偏少);中国东部大范围高温(低温)。其可能的影响途径为,东亚夏季风环流对热带次表层海温异常的响应导致了其年际变化,进而引起中国东部夏季气候的异常分布。     

2011年春夏长江中下游旱涝急转的低频环流系统变化

为研究2011年春夏长江中下游地区旱涝急转现象与低频环流的关系,利用国家气象信息中心的753站逐日降水、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和带通滤波的方法,得到如下结果：（1）2011年5-6月,长江中下游地区存在明显旱涝急转现象,5月的降水较同期偏少40％以上,6月的降水较同期偏多60％。（2）5-6月的旱涝急转前后,长江中下游地区的500hPa的垂直速度变化不仅与降水有很好的关系,而且其低频振荡的强度也显著加强,垂直速度由正（下沉运动）转负（上升运动）的转换时间几乎对应由旱转涝的时间。（3）对旱涝急转过程的500hPa低频变化垂直速度下沉运动最强、下沉运动向上升运动转换、上升运动最强3个位相的低频散度场分析发现,在5月干旱期间,长江中下游地区维持对流层低层（850hPa）辐散、高层（200hPa）辐合的低频环流系统,不利于降水。到6月强降水期,长江中下游地区则迅速转为对流层低层辐合、高层辐散的低频环流系统,有利于降水的发生。这种对流层低层-高层低频环流系统的变化是导致旱涝急转的重要原因之一。     

西南地区夏季旱涝与厄尔尼诺(拉尼娜)的关系分析

利用中国西南地区多个站点1951~2008年夏季逐月降水资料,1951~2008年的厄尔尼诺(拉尼娜)指数(Nino3.4),对西南地区夏季旱涝与厄尔尼诺(拉尼娜)的相关联系进行了分析,得出以下结论:前期厄尔尼诺(拉尼娜)指数与中国西南地区的夏季降水存在一定的相关关系,如云南的中部,西部和南部,广西的西北部和贵州中部,东南部呈弱的负相关,除这几个地区都是呈现正相关。整个西南地区的相关系数,南部呈负正负,北部呈正的强弱强分布。合成分析表明:厄尔尼诺或拉尼娜事件发生后的夏季,西南地区降水距平基本呈现相反的分布特征。厄尔尼诺事件发生后,西南地区夏季降水较多,易造成涝灾;拉尼娜事件后,西南地区夏季降水较少,易造成旱灾。     

湛江市降水年代际特征及其影响机制

【目的】研究湛江地区降水的年际、年代际特征及其影响因素。【数据】基于1962-2016年湛江地区6个国家气象观测站的逐日降水资料、同期月平均ONI、PDO序列和月平均风场、相对湿度等再分析资料,【方法】结合线性倾向估计、连续小波变换、相关分析等多种统计学方法。【结果与结论】湛江地区降水存在准2 a、5~8 a的年际振荡,降水日数有显著的准40 a年代际振荡;夏、秋季节的降水变化构成了湛江地区全年降水变化的主要部分;除冬季降水量增加外,各季节降水与降水日数基本呈现"偏多-偏少"的年代际特征;进一步对比发现P1(降水偏多)时期涝年较多,旱年较少,P2(降水偏少)时期恰好相反,但严重涝年偏多,降水强度增大,极端性降水事件发生频次增多。通过对湛江地区降水可能产生影响的因素分析发现:P2时期湛江地区降水频次的减少主要是由于西北太平洋副热带高压的增强、西南季风的减弱以及夏、秋季孟加拉湾和中南半岛异常下沉气流影响所致;冬季南海东部低层异常气旋环流是P2时期降水增加的一个主要原因;P2时期ENSO、PDO等大尺度海气系统在调控湛江地区降水变化中所起作用均有增加。     

广东省前汛期多雨或少雨年降水异常研究

广东省前汛期降水的年际变化较大,为对广东地区的旱涝变化有进一步的认识,利用广东省观测资料、NCEP全球再分析资料以及向外长波辐射通量资料,采用经验正交函数分解和合成分析方法研究了1970~2007年广东前汛期4~6月降水的年际变化异常以及时空特征,得出第一类雨型是广东前汛期一致多雨或少雨型。对造成第一类雨型的异常特征进行分析,得出:中高纬度地区大尺度环流场的变异引起环流异常分布,使得副高、西南季风水汽输送、冷空气活动等气候场产生变异,从而引起广东前汛期降水异常。经向风、相对湿度、垂直运动、向外长波辐射通量等分析得到多雨年与少雨年水汽条件、垂直运动条件、对流发展活动环流异常的分布特征。     

广东阳江夏季降水的气候特征分析

为解阳江夏季降水的气候特征,进一步做好阳江气候降水预测,利用Motlet小波分析理论、Mann-Kendal检验和滑动t检验等方法对阳江单站57年(1953-2009年)6月到8月逐日降水资料进行分析,结果表明:阳江夏季降水经历了3个阶段,由降水逐渐增加时期变化到相对干旱时期,再到现阶段降水年际变化大;主要的降水周期为7-8年,1963年是降水的突变点;小雨量级降水为主要降水类型,在1980年以来阳江夏季大雨和暴雨降水日数逐渐增多,而大雨和暴雨量级降水是降水量的主要构成。     

广东阳江夏季降水的气候特征分析

为解阳江夏季降水的气候特征,进一步做好阳江气候降水预测,利用Motlet小波分析理论、Mann-Kendal检验和滑动t检验等方法对阳江单站57年（1953—2009年）6月到8月逐日降水资料进行分析,结果表明：阳江夏季降水经历了3个阶段,由降水逐渐增加时期变化到相对干旱时期,再到现阶段降水年际变化大;主要的降水周期为7—8年,1963年是降水的突变点;小雨量级降水为主要降水类型,在1980年以来阳江夏季大雨和暴雨降水日数逐渐增多,而大雨和暴雨量级降水是降水量的主要构成。     

热带东风急流的演变特征及其与亚非降水的关系

为初步了解热带东风急流与亚非降水尤其中国东部、华南地区天气系统之间的关系,利用NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,结合全球综合分析降水集(CMAP)及Ni o3.4海温指数,采用突变检验、小波分析、相关分析、合成分析等方法,对TEJ的结构、演变特征及其与亚非地区降水和大气环流的关系等进行研究。分析表明:TEJ从南海上空向西延伸,经印度到达非洲北部上空,中心位于印度半岛南端、阿拉伯海上空。利用"区域平均"法,定义了热带东风急流指数(TEJI),讨论了该指数62年的年际、年代际变化特征,并分析了TEJI与亚非降水、大气环流及ENSO的关系,结果表明:TEJ呈现强度一致减弱趋势,且突变大致发生在1978年;小波分析表明标准化TEJI存在准10年振荡周期;主要降水带出现在急流入口区右侧和出口区左侧,降水主要位于南亚和东亚季风区内;亚非季风区夏季降水与TEJ响应最敏感的区域是西亚、北非(负相关)、南亚(正相关);海平面气压场和南亚高压与TEJ密切相关,对中国东部和华南地区的旱涝预报起着重要的作用。     

夏季青藏高原大气热源分布特征与对中国降水的影响

利用NECP/NCAR月平均再分析资料,研究1951～2010年夏季青藏高原主体大气热源分布、对东亚地区的环流影响及其与同期中国降水的关系.针对高原加热局地特征明显的特点,采用旋转经验正交函数等方法探讨不同类型的热源分布以及对东亚地区大气环流的影响.结果表明,当加热中心位于高原东南侧时,青藏高原夏季风加强,南亚高压偏南偏东,西太平洋副热带高压西伸加强,而东亚中高纬地区两脊一槽的经向环流分布形势明显,有利于中国长江流域的降水而不利于华南华北的降水发展.当加热中心位于高原中北部与西南地区时,青藏高原夏季风减弱,南亚高压偏西,西太副高明显偏东偏弱,中高纬环流的纬向特征明显,有利于中国地区北方降水而不利于南方地区的降水.     

东北区域水汽收支的变化及其与降水的关系

为了明确东北区域水汽收支变化及其与降水的关系,利用1970～2010年NCEP/NCAR逐月平均分析资料、国家气象信息中心提供同期的气象站逐日降水实况资料,对东北区域夏半年（5～9月）区域水汽收支的年（年代）际变化及其与降水的关系、降水偏多（少）年的水汽输送特征进行研究.研究结果表明：（1） 1970年代水汽异常输送主要来自华北地区;1980年代,水汽异常输送主要来自蒙古东部和日本海;1990年代,水汽异常输送主要来自鄂霍次克海;2000年以后,水汽异常自东北区域向西南方向输送.总体而言,1970～1990年代区域内的水汽增加,2000年以后区域内水汽明显大幅度减少.（2）东北区域水汽总收支与夏季降水相关性较好,相关系数可达0.79,通过99％的信度检验,南、北边界的水汽输送对该区域的夏季降水有显著影响.（3）东北地区降水偏多年,西北太平洋上的水汽明显增强;降水偏少年,西风带和西北太平洋的水汽输送明显减弱.     

Numerical simulation and preliminary analysis on ocean waves during Typhoon Nesat in South China Sea and adjacent areas

Using the wave model WAVEWATCH III(WW3), we simulated the generation and propagation of typhoon waves in the South China Sea and adjacent areas during the passage of typhoon Nesat(2011). In the domain 100°–145°E and 0°–35°N, the model was forced by the cross-calibrated multi-platform(CCMP) wind fi elds of September 15 to October 5, 2011. We then validated the simulation results against wave radar data observed from an oil platform and altimeter data from the Jason-2 satellite. The simulated waves were characterized by fi ve points along track using the Spectrum Integration Method(SIM) and the Spectrum Partitioning Method(SPM), by which wind sea and swell components of the 1D and 2D wave spectra are separated. There was reasonable agreement between the model results and observations, although the WW3 wave model may underestimate swell wave height. Signifi cant wave heights are large along the typhoon track and are noticeably greater on the right of the track than on the left. Swells from the east are largely unable to enter the South China Sea because of the obstruction due to the Philippine Islands. During the initial stage and later period of the typhoon, swells at the fi ve points were generated by the propagation of waves that were created by typhoons Haitang and Nalgae. Of the two methods, the 2D SPM method is more accurate than the 1D SIM which overestimates the separation frequency under low winds, but the SIM method is more convenient because it does not require wind speed and wave direction. When the typhoon left the area, the wind sea fractions decreased rapidly. Under similar wind conditions, the points located in the South China Sea are affected less than those points situated in the open sea because of the infl uence of the complex internal topography of the South China Sea. The results reveal the characteristic wind sea and swell features of the South China Sea and adjacent areas in response to typhoon Nesat, and provide a reference for swell forecasting and offshore structural designs.     

内外因耦合预测1998年长江持续性特大暴雨的实践检验及其发生机理

特大暴雨的成因和预测,至今仍是世界性科学难点之一。然而,我们运用内外因耦合方法,对1998年长江发生的6次持续性大暴雨到特大暴雨过程,事先比较准确地报出了其中5次。特大暴雨的内外因耦合的原理是:特大暴雨必须在暴雨天气形势基本具备情况下,与月亮奇异位置时的非线性引力效应及其引潮力共振减压的触发相耦合而引起。两者缺一不可,其机理是:引潮力共振减压是在暴雨区上空施加一个异常的提升力,加强暴雨区的上升运动,引起水汽凝结潜热加速释放,形成中尺度系统,并且通过多次正反馈,导致暴雨区水汽凝结潜热的强烈释放,从而形成特大暴雨。由于引潮力共振严格取决于月亮奇异位置的发生时刻,即它是瞬时的和突然发生的,因而特大暴雨往往属于突发性的非线性现象是不足为奇的。     

Change of annual extreme water levels and correlation with river discharges in the middle-lower Yangtze River: Characteristics and possible affecting factors

As one of the fastest developing regions in China, the middle-lower Yangtze River(MLYR) is vulnerable to floods and droughts. With obtained time series of annual highest water level(HWL), annual lowest water level(LWL) and the corresponding river discharges from three gauging stations in MLYR that covering the period 1987–2011, the current study evaluated the change characteristics of annual extreme water levels and the correlation with river discharges by using the methods of trend test, Mann-Whitney-Pettitt(MWP) test and double mass analysis. Major result indicated a decreasing/increasing trend for annual HWL/LWL of all stations in MLYR during the study period. A change point in 1999 was identified for annual HWL at the Hankou and Datong stations. The year 2006 was found to be the critical year that the relationship between annual extreme water levels and river discharges changed in the MLYR. With contrast to annual LWL in MLYR, further investigation revealed that the change characteristics of annual HWL were highly consistent with regional precipitation in the Yangtze River Basin, while the linkage with Three Gorges Dam(TGD) operation is not strong. Our observation also pointed out that the effect of serious down cutting of the riverbed and the enlargement of the cross-section area during the initial period of TGD operation caused the downward trend of the relationship between annual LWL and river discharge. Whereas, the relatively raised river water level before the flood season due to TGD regulation since 2006 explained for the changing upward trend of the relationship between annual HWL and river discharge.     

Seasonal variations of several main water masses in the southern Yellow Sea and East China Sea in 2011

The seasonal variations of several main water masses in the southern Yellow Sea (SYS) and East China Sea (ECS) in 2011 were analyzed using the in-situ data collected on four cruises. There was something special in the observations for the Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC), the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (YSCWM) and the Changjiang Diluted Water (CDW) during that year. The YSWC was confirmed to be a seasonal current and its source was closely associated with the Kuroshio onshore intrusion and the northerly wind. It was also found that the YSCWM in the summer of 2011 occupied a more extensive area in comparison with the climatologically-mean case due to the abnormally powerful wind prevailing in the winter of 2010 and decaying gradually thereafter. Resulting from the reduced Changjiang River discharge, the CDW spreading toward the Cheju Island in the summer of 2011 was weaker than the long-term mean and was confined to flow southward in the other seasons. The other water masses seemed normal without noticeable anomalies in 2011. The Yellow Sea Coastal Current (YSCC) water, driven by the northerly wind, flowed southeastward as a whole except for its northeastward surface layer in summer. The Taiwan Warm Current (TWC) was the strongest in summer and the weakest in winter in its northward movement. The Kuroshio water with an enhanced onshore intrusion in autumn was stable in hydrographic features apart from the seasonal variation of its surface layer.     

Antarctica Sea-ice Oscillation and Its Possible Impact on Monsoon of South Sea

Antarctic sea-ice oscillation index with a seesaw pattern is defined using NCEP/NCAR reanalysis girds data of monthly Antarctica sea-ice concentration from 1979 to 2002. The relationships between the index of winter and the summer precipitations in China as well as the onset date of the summer East Asia monsoon are presented. The study result shows that the grids of correlation coefficients passed 5% confidence level between Antarctic sea-ice oscillation index and Antarctic sea-ice concentration are more than 1/3 of all grids of Antarctica sea-ice, that means the index can represent 1/3 sea-ice area. The winter index has a significant correlation with abnormal summer (June-August) precipitation in China. The area of positive correlation lies in the Yangtze River basin and its south, and that of negative correlation lies mainly in the north of Yangtze River basin. While the winter index is positive (negative), the onset date of South China Sea monsoon is earlier (later), with a probability of 79% (80%). Consequently, a conceptual model is given in term of discussing the possible process between the winter Antarctic sea ice and the monsoon precipitation in China.     

Spatial-temporal variations of dominant drought/flood modes and the associated atmospheric circulation and ocean events in rainy season over the east of China

By using Season-reliant Empirical Orthogonal Function (S-EOF) analysis, three dominant modes of the spatial-temporal evolution of the drought/flood patterns in the rainy season over the east of China are revealed for the period of 1960-2004. The first two leading modes occur during the turnabout phase of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) decaying year, but the drought/flood patterns in the rainy season over the east of China are different due to the role of the Indian Ocean (IO). The first leading mode appears closely correlated with the ENSO events. In the decaying year of El Nino, the associated western North Pacific (WNP) anticyclone located over the Philippine Sea persists from the previous winter to the next early summer, transports warm and moist air toward the southern Yangtze River in China, and leads to wet conditions over this entire region. Therefore, the precipitation anomaly in summer exhibits a ’Southern Flood and Northern Drought’ pattern over East China. On the other hand, the basin-wide Indian Ocean sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) plays a crucial role in prolonging the impact of ENSO on the second mode during the ENSO decaying summer. The Indian Ocean basin mode (IOBM) warming persists through summer and unleashes its influence, which forces a Matsuno-Gill pattern in the upper troposphere. Over the subtropical western North Pacific, an anomalous anticyclone forms in the lower troposphere. The southerlies on the northwest flank of this anticyclone increase the moisture transport onto central China, leading to abundant rainfall over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and Huaihe River valleys. The anomalous anticyclone causes dry conditions over South China and the South China Sea (SCS). The precipitation anomaly in summer exhibits a ’Northern Flood and Southern Drought’ pattern over East China. Therefore, besides the ENSO event the IOBM is an important factor to influence the drought/flood patterns in the rainy season over the east of China. The third mode is positively correlated with the tropical SSTA in the Indian Ocean from the spring of preceding year(-1) to the winter of following year(+1), but not related to the ENSO events. The positive SSTA in the South China Sea and the Philippine Sea persists from spring to autumn, leading to weak north-south and land-sea thermal contrasts, which may weaken the intensity of the East Asia summer monsoon. The weakened rainfall over the northern Indian monsoon region may link to the third spatial mode through the ’Silk Road’ teleconnection or a part of circumglobal teleconnection (CGT). The physical mechanisms that reveal these linkages remain elusive and invite further investigation.     

湿位涡及其不可渗透性在江淮流域一次暴雨过程中的应用

为了对暴雨天气进行更准确地分析和提前预报,结合常规观测资料、NCEP1°×1°再分析资料,利用湿位涡正压项(MPV1)、斜压项(MPV2)及其不可渗透性原理,分析了2011年6月13日~15日发生在中国长江流域的一次暴雨过程。研究结果表明:暴雨区邻近850hPa上MPV1的零线,即正值与负值的过渡区,这对暴雨落区有指示作用。且湿位涡在850hPa上满足MPV10同时MPV20的条件,这种配置有利于强降水的产生,因此可作为预报暴雨的一个有效辅助工具。在850hPa上,湿位涡高值区与地面降水落区对应良好,根据湿位涡不可渗透性原理,若将MPV异常高值区与等θe线结合起来,能在长江流域的暴雨预报中起到良好的指示作用。     

Trends of sea surface wind energy over the South China Sea

Studies on climate change typically consider temperature and precipitation over extended periods but less so the wind.We used the Cross-Calibrated Multi-Platform(CCMP)24-year wind field data set to investigate the trends of wind energy over the South China Sea during 1988-2011.The results reveal a clear trend of increase in wind power density for each of three base statistics(i.e.,mean,90 th percentile and 99 th percentile)in all seasons and for annual means.The trends of wind power density showed obvious temporal and spatial variations.The magnitude of the trends was greatest in winter,intermediate in spring,and smallest in summer and autumn.A greater trend of increase was found in the northern areas of the South China Sea than in southern parts.The magnitude of the annual and seasonal trends over the South China Sea was larger in extreme high events(i.e.,90~(th) and 99~(th) percentiles)compared to the mean conditions.Sea surface temperature showed a negative correlation with the variability of wind power density over the majority of the South China Sea in all seasons and annual means,except for winter(41.7%).     

东亚副热带西风急流的时间演变特征及其与中国东部夏季降水的关系

为深入了解东亚副热带西风急流与中国天气系统之间的联系,利用1961-2007年美国国家环境预报中心（NCAR／NCEP）再分析月资料和同期中国596站的降水资料,运用经一纬向急流轴和区域平均两种定义方法分析了西风急流的时间演变特征及其与中国东部降水型的关系,结果表明：（1）两种方法对西风急流东西、南北位置转折时段的分析很接近,分别出现在20世纪80年代和70年代;对西风急流强度、南北位置周期的表征也很一致,分别为10-15年和5-10年。（2）当西风急流位置偏北（南）时,东部地区整层大气环流呈“南北上升中间下沉（南北下沉中间上升）”的形势,850hPa的流场和水汽通量输送都有利于华北地区（江淮河流）的降水,易于形成“南北多中间少（南北少中间多）”的雨带分布,推测这两种反相位雨型的间隔时间为2．5-5年;相比之下,急流东西位置和强度的周期性变化与东部局地降水存在一定联系。