地形对1998年7月鄂东特大暴雨鞍型场的影响

利用中尺度η坐标模式对1998年7月21～22日鄂东特大暴雨过程进行了数值模拟,通过地形敏感性试验,分析了地形对鞍型场和低空急流的影响,概括了鄂东地区β中尺度低涡及特大暴雨形成的概念模型。结果表明,在全地形的情况下,降水和实况接近,700 hPa鞍型场稳定维持,鞍型场位置和实况接近,鄂东地区的β中尺度低涡形成于鞍型场中性点附近;而无地形试验模拟降水量偏小、降水开始时间偏迟,河套地区高压和西南涡偏北,造成700 hPa鞍型场偏北,鄂东地区无法形成β中尺度低涡。青藏高原地形对其北部及南部气流的阻滞、绕流作用以及侧边界的摩擦作用对河套地区高压和西南涡的形成和维持有重要作用。积分时间越长,地形的作用越明显。在全地形试验中,汉口南侧中尺度低空西南风急流的加强是β中尺度低涡形成的重要因素,当加强的西南中尺度急流传播到(或形成于)鞍型场中性点附近时,其左侧容易形成β中尺度低涡,并在合适的热力条件下得到发展。     

夏季东北冷涡与副高、鄂海阻高的遥相关关系

利用1958-1997年每年的6月、7月和8月,共120个月NCAR/NCEP再分析月平均500 hPa位势高度格点资料,在全球范围内用一点相关法计算了东北冷涡与西太平洋副热带高压、鄂霍次克海阻塞高压之间的遥相关关系,结果表明,在夏季,东北冷涡与鄂海阻高之间有较好的负相关关系,是互为生消的;西太平洋副热带高压与鄂海阻高之间有较好的负相关关系,是互相制约的;东北冷涡与西太平洋副热带高压之间虽然也有负相关关系,但显著性不是很好.     

近100年中国地表平均气温变化的误差分析

误差问题是气候变化研究中必须考虑的一个重要因素,利用全国616个气象观测站的气温资料对近100年中国地表平均气温变化中的4类误差及其造成的不确定性范围进行了定量计算和综合分析。结果表明,20世纪60年代以前覆盖误差影响最大;70年代开始由于中国城市化进程的加快,城市化影响导致的偏差误差呈上升趋势。由此可见,从准确检测近100年中国区域气候变化信号的角度来看,减少覆盖误差是减小早期不确定性的关键,同时近年来城市化的影响也值得注意。综合来看,近100年来中国地表平均气温变化的误差及其所引起的不确定性随时间不断减小。比较分析表明,近100年中国地表平均气温变化不确定性的主要变化特征与全球基本一致,均为早期大、后期小。因此,无论是全球还是中国都应该注意由误差引起的不确定性影响,特别是在早期。     

淮河流域东北部一次异常特大暴雨的数值模拟研究 Ⅰ: 结果检验和 β 中尺度对流系统的特征分析

在2000年12号台风(Prapiroon)影响期间,其外围对淮河流域东北部造成了一次罕见的特大暴雨,暴雨中心响水24 h降水量达到800 mm.文中所用的模式是俄克拉荷马大学风暴分析和预测中心研制的一个三维非静力可压缩数值区域预报模式ARPS(V5.2).采用了3层单向嵌套网格,Domain1中心取为(27.5°N,117.5°E),格距45 km,格点数为75×75;Domain2中心取为(31.5°N,119.5°E),格距15 km,格点数为140×140;Domain3中心取为(33.5°N,119.5°E),格距5 km,格点数为180×180;垂直方向分为35层,垂直格距为625 m.所利用的资料为:2000年8月29-31日每日4个时次(00、06、12、18时) 1°×1°的NCEP/ NCAR再分析资料及713雷达资料、GMS-5红外云图、探空报、地面加密资料.物理过程选用简单冰相方案,Kain和Fritsch 积云参数化方案.对逐时的卫星云图、713雷达图像进行数值反演,结合探空资料反演出暴雨中深对流系统的水汽三维分布情况,通过三维同化系统ADAS处理,同化初始场和侧边界条件,再用ARPS模式进行数值积分,从8月29日08时开始到31日08 时结束,积分48 h.并结合雷达资料、红外云图、探空报、地面加密资料等对数值模拟结果进行了对比分析.结果表明:ARPS较好地模拟了在台风移动的左前方、在高空槽与副高之间出现的中尺度强暴雨区,模拟降水区及暴雨中心位置与实况较为一致.利用模拟大气中的水物质模拟了雷达回波,与实际雷达回波进行了对比分析,揭示了该过程中β中尺度对流系统的演变特征,4条对流带的交汇点在响水附近.并将模式模拟的T-lgp图与实际T-lgp图进行了对比分析,揭示了该次暴雨过程的不稳定性.持续的高空风垂直切变为对流系统的发展提供动能,造成对流系统斜压发展,有利于降水集中在某一固定的地点.由于模拟结果与实况较为接近,因此可以利用模拟结果作为对该暴雨过程作进一步研究的基础.     

长江中下游地区城市化进程中地表植被变化气候效应的数值模拟

利用高分辨率区域气候模式RegCM3,对长江中下游地区城市化进程中土地利用的变化引起的地气能量交换和水份收支改变的气候效应进行模拟研究.结果表明:下垫面由农田变为城市后近地层大气水汽含量减小,气温升高.但增温幅度存在明显的时空差异,总体而言西部高于东部、夏季高于冬季.对能量平衡的各因子的分析表明,因地表水份蒸发引起的潜热释放减少是地表温度增加最主要的原因.流场差异场的特点是以试验区域为中心,低层呈气旋性而高层呈反气旋性环流,这种结构特征有利于试验区域以外中低层大气以补偿性平流的形式流入试验区,补充地表水份损失,导致退化试验和控制试验相比低层云水量减少而中高层云水量增加.受环流场和水汽场异常的共同影响,夏季试验区域西部平均降水减少而东部增加.绿化试验和过渡试验结果则表明,当城市绿化面积超过50%时,能够有效地减小城市化进程对局地气候的影响.     

Dynamic Stability Analysis of Caisson Breakwater in Lifetime Considering the Annual Frequency of Severe Storm

In the dynamic stability analysis of a caisson breakwater, most of current studies pay attention to the motion characteristics of caisson breakwaters under a single periodical breaking wave excitation. And in the lifetime stability analysis of caisson breakwater, it is assumed that the caisson breakwater suffers storm wave excitation once annually in the design lifetime. However, the number of annual severe storm occurrence is a random variable. In this paper, a series of random waves are generated by the Wen Sheng-chang wave spectrum, and the histories of successive and long-term random wave forces are built up by using the improved Goda wave force model. It is assumed that the number of annual severe storm occurrence is in the Poisson distribution over the 50-year design lifetime, and the history of random wave excitation is generated for each storm by the wave spectrum. The response histories of the caisson breakwater to the random waves over 50-year design lifetime are calculated and taken as a set of samples. On the basis of the Monte Carlo simulation technique, a large number of samples can be obtained, and the probability assessment of the safety of the breakwater during the complete design lifetime is obtained by statistical analysis of a large number of samples. Finally, the procedure of probability assessment of the breakwater safety is illustrated by an example.     

Development of an integrated vertical-slantwise convective parameterization scheme and its associated numerical experiments

An integrated vertical-slantwise convective parameterization scheme, based on the vertical Kuo-Anthes and the slantwise Nordeng convective parameterization schemes, is introduced into the MM5 model. By employing the MM5 model with the proposed scheme, numerical simulations of a snowstorm event that occurred over southern China on 28-29 January 2008 and of Typhoon Haitang (2005) are conducted. The results indicate that during the snowstorm event, the atmosphere was convectively stable in the vertical directi...     

广西地区晚更新世野猪对家猪的遗传贡献

家猪是由居住在世界不同地区的人类对野猪的长期驯化而来,考古学研究表明近东和中国可能是家猪的驯养中心.为了寻找野猪对家猪驯化遗传贡献的分子证据,对采集于广西壮族自治区3个不同地点的30个晚更新世野猪化石样品开展了古DNA研究,从化石样品中获得了线粒体基因组的D-loop部分序列,结合现代家猪、野猪DNA同源序列信息,构建了Network网络结构图和系统发育树.结果表明广西古代野猪与欧洲猪科动物之间存在历史基因流,与亚洲家猪之间具有遗传的连续性,在家猪的驯化过程中有遗传贡献.研究结果从新的地域角度为家猪的多地区驯化起源提供了分子证据.      

Dynamic Stability Analysis of Caisson Breakwater in Lifetime Considering the Annual Frequency of Severe Storm

In the dynamic stability analysis of a caisson breakwater, most of current studies pay attention to the motion characteristics of caisson breakwaters under a single periodical breaking wave excitation. And in the lifetime stability analysis of caisson breakwater, it is assumed that the caisson breakwater suffers storm wave excitation once annually in the design lifetime. However, the number of annual severe storm occurrence is a random variable. In this paper, a series of random waves are generated by the Wen Sheng-chang wave spectrum, and the histories of successive and long-term random wave forces are built up by using the improved Goda wave force model. It is assumed that the number of annual severe storm occurrence is in the Poisson distribution over the 50-year design lifetime, and the history of random wave excitation is generated for each storm by the wave spectrum. The response histories of the caisson breakwater to the random waves over 50-year design lifetime are calculated and taken as a set of samples. On the basis of the Monte Carlo simulation technique, a large number of samples can be obtained, and the probability assessment of the safety of the breakwater during the complete design lifetime is obtained by statistical analysis of a large number of samples. Finally, the procedure of probability assessment of the breakwater safety is illustrated by an example.     

Dynamic Characteristics and Simplified Numerical Methods of An All-Vertical-Piled Wharf in Offshore Deep Water

There has been a growing trend in the development of offshore deep-water ports in China. For such deep sea projects, all-vertical-piled wharves are suitable structures and generally located in open waters, greatly affected by wave action. Currently, no systematic studies or simplified numerical methods are available for deriving the dynamic characteristics and dynamic responses of all-vertical-piled wharves under wave cyclic loads. In this article, we compare the dynamic characteristics of an all-vertical-piled wharf with those of a traditional inshore high-piled wharf through numerical analysis; our research reveals that the vibration period of an all-vertical-piled wharf under cyclic loading is longer than that of an inshore high-piled wharf and is much closer to the period of the loading wave. Therefore, dynamic calculation and analysis should be conducted when designing and calculating the characteristics of an all-vertical-piled wharf. We establish a dynamic finite element model to examine the dynamic response of an all-vertical-piled wharf under wave cyclic loads and compare the results with those under wave equivalent static load; the comparison indicates that dynamic amplification of the structure is evident when the wave dynamic load effect is taken into account. Furthermore, a simplified dynamic numerical method for calculating the dynamic response of an all-vertical-piled wharf is established based on the P-Y curve. Compared with finite element analysis, the simplified method is more convenient to use and applicable to large structural deformation while considering the soil non-linearity. We confirmed that the simplified method has acceptable accuracy and can be used in engineering applications.