祁连山北坡一次人工增雨降水过程雨滴谱特征分析

本文以2020年8月21日在祁连山开展的人工增雨外场试验为例,分析了祁连山北坡雨滴谱特征和增雨作业前后雨滴谱特征参量和谱型的变化。结果表明:虽然此次降水不均匀,但北坡3个试验点微物理参量特征值的演变较接近,平均雨滴谱谱宽均较小,谱型基本一致,均为单峰型,峰值出现在0.5mm左右。Gamma分布对雨滴谱的拟合效果较好,分布曲线能较准确地反映实际雨滴谱的分布形态,但在峰值段(0.5mm)拟合值有偏差,拟合结果略小于实测谱。Z-I之间满足对数相关,拟合优度R~2值都在0.86以上,有较好的拟合关系。作业后雨滴尺度、总数浓度、雨强等均出现增大趋势,作业后雨滴谱的谱宽逐渐增大,作业后10min,峰型由单峰转变为双峰,作业后30min、60min,谱宽持续增大,说明此时云内小雨滴间的碰并过程开始出现,产生了较大尺度的雨滴。     

An evaluation method of hydrocarbon generating potential of highly mature and over-mature marine carbonate

How to restore the residual organic carbon and residual hydrocarbon-generating potential is discussed based on the hydrocarbon degradability of source rock. The results indicate there is linear function relationship between the restoring coefficient of residual organic carbon (K_c) and the vitrinite reflectance (R _o%) of various kinds of source rock, but the relationship is secondary functional between the restoring coefficient of residual hydrocarbon-generating potential (K_s) and the vitrinite reflectance (R _o%). It is pointed out thatKc = (1 -Dresidual)/(1 -D _primary),Ks= Kc (D _primary/D _residual). The restoration of residual organic carbon and hydrocarbon-generating potential of the Cambrian and Ordovician highly mature marine carbonate in the Tarim Basin and North China region shows that the lower limit value of hydrocarbon generating potential and the organic matter abundance of carbonate source rock are basically the same as that of clastic rock. The technical difficulty in hydrocarbon generating evaluation of highly mature and overmature carbonate is solved.     

Facies-constrained prestack seismic probabilistic inversion driven by rock physics

Seismic Rock physics plays a bridge role between the rock moduli and physical properties of the hydrocarbon reservoirs. Prestack seismic inversion is an important method for the quantitative characterization of elasticity, physical properties, lithology and fluid properties of subsurface reservoirs. In this paper, a high order approximation of rock physics model for clastic rocks is established and one seismic AVO reflection equation characterized by the high order approximation(Jacobian and Hessian matrix) of rock moduli is derived. Besides, the contribution of porosity, shale content and fluid saturation to AVO reflectivity is analyzed. The feasibility of the proposed AVO equation is discussed in the direct estimation of rock physical properties. On the basis of this, one probabilistic AVO inversion based on differential evolution-Markov chain Monte Carlo stochastic model is proposed on the premise that the model parameters obey Gaussian mixture probability prior model. The stochastic model has both the global optimization characteristics of the differential evolution algorithm and the uncertainty analysis ability of Markov chain Monte Carlo model. Through the cross parallel of multiple Markov chains, multiple stochastic solutions of the model parameters can be obtained simultaneously, and the posterior probability density distribution of the model parameters can be simulated effectively. The posterior mean is treated as the optimal solution of the model to be inverted.Besides, the variance and confidence interval are utilized to evaluate the uncertainties of the estimated results, so as to realize the simultaneous estimation of reservoir elasticity, physical properties, discrete lithofacies and dry rock skeleton. The validity of the proposed approach is verified by theoretical tests and one real application case in eastern China.     

Multi-trace basis-pursuit seismic inversion for resolution enhancement

Seismic inversion is an important tool that transfers interface information of seismic data to formation information, which renders the seismic data easily understood by geologists or petroleum engineers. In this study, a novel multi-trace basis-pursuit inversion method based on the Bayesian theory is proposed to enhance the vertical resolution and overcome the lateral instability of inversion results between different traces occasionally seen in the traditional trace-by-trace basis-pursuit inversion method. The Markov process is initially introduced to describe the relationship between adjacent seismic traces and their correlation, which we then close couple in the equation of our new inversion method. A recursive function is further derived to simplify the inversion process by considering the particularity of the coefficient matrix in the multi-trace inversion equation. A series of numerical-analysis and field data examples demonstrates that both the traditional and the new methods for P-wave impedance inversion are helpful in enhancing the resolution of thin beds that are usually difficult to discern from original seismic profiles, thus highlighting the importance of acoustic-impedance inversion for thin bed interpretation. Furthermore, in addition to yielding thin bed inversion results with enhanced lateral continuity and high vertical resolution, our proposed method is robust to noise and cannot be easily contaminated by it, which we verify using both synthetic and field data.     

沥青成因及反映的油气成藏过程

地质体中沥青按沉积有机质的不同演化路径分为原生和次生沥青,次生沥青由于经历的地质作用不同,又分为生物降解水洗氧化和热裂解成因两种类型,本文重点讨论热裂解成因沥青。热裂解成因沥青是干酪根在生油窗阶段生成的原油,进一步深埋温度增高,达到原油裂解的热动力学条件,裂解生成天然气后的残余物。干酪根热降解生成的原油有聚集型、源内分散型、源外分散型三种赋存方式,裂解分别对应形成三种赋存状态的沥青。通过四川盆地13口井60余块岩芯样品热裂解成因沥青从宏观到微观不同尺度的研究,沥青体积含量0. 1%~15%,形态有条带状、片状、块状、粉末状;赋存方式有裂缝(区域沟通油源的断层)、层理面、微裂隙、原生、次生溶蚀孔、洞等;赋存岩石有粗晶、中—细晶白云岩。伴生的包裹体发育丰富,可区分出孔洞方解石早期和晚期充填、白云石次生加大边、孔洞方解石微裂隙等方式,还有富沥青质的包裹体。颜色透明无色—淡褐色、无色—灰色、深灰色、深褐色等。常量和微量元素含量及不同比值反映了沥青的氧化还原特征。含烃包裹体均一温度从90~220℃,综合记录了油气生成演化的整个过程,以及经历的异常热作用;同一样品加大边中包裹体温度分布范围普遍比较宽,反映碳酸盐岩溶解重结晶作用频繁。基于沥青及其储集空间特征、有机、无机地球化学分析、包裹体研究,以及埋藏史、热史、油气运聚过程分析,四川盆地古老碳酸盐岩主力生烃层系筇竹寺组、灯影组一、三段烃源岩志留纪末进入生油门限,中二叠世大量生油,晚二叠世进入油裂解气门槛,晚三叠世油大量裂解生气;油气具有从北向南运移的特征,沥青大量形成期的分布与古构造叠合图是二次成藏的关键。     

西北地区侏罗纪煤系烃源岩和油气地球化学特征

阿尔金断裂以北的新疆地区煤系泥岩和煤均很发育,而以南的甘青宁地区湖相和沼泽相泥岩发育。煤系烃源岩中主要的成烃显微组分是壳质体、藻类体、基质镜质体等,有机质类型以Ⅲ型为主;煤系泥岩一般为中到差油源岩,少数为好烃源岩,煤一般为差油源岩,下侏罗统源岩生烃潜力高于中侏罗统源岩;煤系原油一般为成熟的轻质、中蜡、低凝固点、低硫优质原油;油源对比表明煤系泥岩是主要烃源岩,煤和碳质泥岩是次要烃源岩;有利生油区域基本分布在侏罗纪的沉降沉积中心,而且后续埋藏又较深的山前坳陷区域。     

Thermal cracking history by laboratory kinetic simulation of Paleozoic oil in eastern Tarim Basin, NW China, implications for the occurrence of residual oil reservoirs

The thermal stability of Paleozoic oil in eastern Tarim Basin, NW China was investigated through laboratory kinetic simulation experiments. Laboratory cracking of a selected marine oil sample from Ordovician strata in well LG-1 of Tarim Basin was performed by confined, dry pyrolysis system at T = 300–650 °C, P = 50 MPa. Results indicated the oil required higher temperature for cracking. At laboratory heating rates, oil cracking started at 390–400 °C and the laboratory cracking was completed at around 650 °C. At geological heating rates, the onset temperature is about 148–162 °C for cracking start and was completed at 245–276 °C. The oil-cracking history was recovered using the acquired kinetic parameters and the geothermal history of TD-2, and the threshold temperature for oil cracking under geological conditions was calculated. The oil cracking started at 165 °C (R_o = 1.45%) and stopped in early Devonian (390 Ma), and the oil-cracking rates in the strata of -O₁ reached 60–70% at the end of Silurian. The calculated oil generation and oil cracking windows overlapped to some extent and were completed rapidly. The possible geological controls for the occurrence of residual oil reservoirs in Eastern Tarim basin have been discussed, including the high stability of the Paleozoic oil in Tarim Basin, the fast heating rate and longer duration time for oil cracking, the slight biodegradation in later uplift, the good preservation of the paleo-reservoirs and the moderate structural adjustment, which were critical for the exploration of residual oil and gases in this area.     

青藏高原水系沉积物地球化学衰减模式与区域地球化学勘查对策

文章主要涉及青藏高原干旱荒漠、半干旱草原、高寒草甸等三个景观区。风力搬运的影响遍及整个干旱荒漠和半干旱草原景观区,使其疏松覆盖层中的本域地球化学模式受到不同程度的干扰和变型。干旱荒漠区中水系沉积物的地球化学性质受到风成沙和黄土的双重稀释。高寒草甸区,化学风化作用加强,基本上无外域物质干扰。 考虑技术可能和经济合理两个因素,提出现有交通状况下的区域地球化学勘查对策。     

Direct inversion for a fluid factor and its application in heterogeneous reservoirs

Prestack seismic inversion plays an important role in estimating elastic parameters that are sensitive to reservoirs and fluid underground. In this paper, a simultaneous inversion method named FMR‐AVA (Fluid Factor, Mu (Shear modulus), Rho (Density)‐Amplitude Variation with Angle) is proposed based on partial angle stack seismic gathers. This method can be used for direct inversion for the fluid factor, shear modulus and density of heterogeneous reservoirs. Firstly, an FMR approximation equation of a reflection coefficient is derived based on poroelasticity with P‐ and S‐wave moduli. Secondly, a stable simultaneous AVA inversion approach is presented in a Bayesian scheme. This approach has little dependence on initial models. Furthermore, it can be applied in heterogeneous reservoirs whose initial models for inversion are not easy to establish. Finally, a model test shows the superiority of this FMR‐AVA inversion method in stability and independence of initial models. We obtain a reasonable fluid factor, shear modulus and density even with smooth initial models and moderate Gaussian noise. A real data case example shows that the inverted fluid factor, shear modulus and density fit nicely with well log interpretation results, which verifies the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

“绿色崛起”视角下欠发达山区经济发展对策——以梅州市为例

地处粤东北的梅州市,由于历史、地理环境、发展基础等多方面原因,经济发展相对较为缓慢,属于经济欠发达山区。但梅州市是我国历史文化名城、中国最佳文化生态旅游目的地、广东省重要的生态屏障,与经济发达地区相比具有明显比较优势和后发优势。文中运用比较分析方法对梅州市主要经济指标进行对比分析,揭示经济发展存在的差距,依据科学发展观,在保护好生态环境的前提条件下,构建以农业经济为基础,以工业经济为支撑,以旅游经济为重点的绿色产业体系,培育符合时代发展要求的新型战略性支柱产业,建设特色专业小城镇,壮大县域经济,走出一条绿色崛起、科学发展的创新之路。