The hydrocarbon generation mechanism and the three-stage type model of hydrocarbon generation for carbonate source rocks

The diagenetic mechanism and process of carbonate rocks, which is different to that of clastic rocks, decides the existence of different existing state organic matters in carbonate rocks. This has been verified by both the microscopic observation of organic petrology and the analysis of organic geochemistry of many samples. Based on the hydrous pyrolysis simulation experiment of the low-mature carbonate rocks, the contrasting study on the yield and their geochemistry characteristics of different existing state soluble organic matters of a series of various maturity samples shows that the different existing state organic matters make different contributions to hydrocarbon generation during every evolution state. So that, the hydrocarbon generation process of carbonate rocks can be summarized as the following three stages: the first is the direct degradation of biogenic bitumen macromolecules during the immature stage, the second is the thermal degradation of a large amount of kerogen at the mature stage, the last stage is the expulsion or release of inclusion organic matter owing to the increased thermal expansion pressure during the high evolution stage. Part of achievements of the Eighth Five-Year National Science-Technology Key-Task Project “85-102-02-07”.     

Effects of Wave–Current Interaction on Salt Intrusion During a Typhoon Event in a Highly Stratified Estuary

Wave–current interaction (WCI) is important in modulating hydrodynamics and water mixing in estuaries, and thereby the transport of water-borne materials. However, the effects of WCI on salt transport and salt intrusion in estuaries during storm events have been rarely examined. In the present study, we use a coupled atmosphere–ocean–wave–sediment transport (COAWST) modeling system to investigate the effects of WCI on salt intrusion in the highly stratified Modaomen Estuary during Typhoon Hagupit (2008). The model is validated by the measured wave, water elevation, and surface salinity data, and several diagnostic model experiments are conducted. WCI increases the storm surge by 0.8 m at the peak surge (25% of the total surge height). The wave-breaking-induced momentum flux and the Stokes drift increase the magnitude of the landward flow by 0.3 m s^?1 (30% of the total landward flow). In addition, the waves increase water mixing by 2–4 times compared with that without waves. Hence, WCI significantly increases the landward advective salt transport and decreases the steady shear transport. The net effect of the WCI is a significant increase of salt import and salt intrusion during the typhoon event. However, in the aftermath of the storm, the imported salt water is rapidly flushed out by the increased river discharge, and the estuary regains its stratification within one day.     

Gas formation mechanism of marine carbonate source rocks in China

It has been proven in exploration practice that thecarbonates in China not only can generate hydrocar-bons, but also form commercial reservoirs. The car-bonates are different from clastic rocks in view of theirdeposition environment as well as their sedimentaryand diagenetic processes. Therefore, the evaluationcriteria and hydrocarbon generation mechanism forcarbonates can not be the same as that for clasticrocks, and it is important to establish a special hydro-carbon generation mechanism and…     

田阳县近50a降水变化趋势特征分析

利用气候倾向率及相关系数分析方法,对站田阳站1959～2008年的年、季降水量、降水日数作统计分析。结果发现,田阳站50a年、季降水量随时间变化总趋势平稳少变,年降水气候倾向率为3.09mm/10a;小雨、中雨量级降水日数气候倾向率呈负值,小雨日数50a趋减9d;大雨以上强降水气候倾向率呈正值,表明强降水日数趋增。     

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances in sediments from South Bohai coastal watersheds,China

This study investigated the concentrations and distribution of Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in sediments of 12 rivers from South Bohai coastal watersheds. The highest concentrations of ΣPFAS (31.920 ng g⁻¹ dw) and PFOA (29.021 ng g⁻¹ dw) were found in sediments from the Xiaoqing River, which was indicative of local point sources in this region. As for other rivers, concentrations of ΣPFAS ranged from 0.218 to 1.583 ng g⁻¹ dw were found in the coastal sediments and from 0.167 to 1.953 ng g⁻¹ dw in the riverine sediments. Predominant PFAS from coastal and riverine areas were PFOA and PFBS, with percentages of 30% and 35%, respectively. Partitioning analysis showed the concentrations of PFNA, PFDA and PFHxS were significantly correlated with organic carbon. The results of a preliminary environmental hazard assessment showed that PFOS posed the highest hazard in the Mi River, while PFOA posed a relative higher hazard in the Xiaoqing River.     

广东省梅州市经济发展战略思考

梅州市地处粤东北,由于历史、地理环境、发展基础等多方面原因,经济发展比较缓慢,属于经济欠发达山区。梅州市是我国历史文化名城、全国优秀旅游城市、世界客都、广东省重要的生态屏障,比较优势和后发优势明显。梅州市应在科学发展观的指导下,把自身优势转化为支撑经济发展的强劲动力和科学发展的实际成果,大力发展绿色经济,构建符合节能减排时代主旋律的新型产业体系,实现经济的快速发展。通过比较分析,揭示了梅州市经济发展存在的主要问题,阐述了梅州市的比较优势,探索梅州市实现经济跨越式发展路径和战略选择。     

甘肃中部降水性层状云微物理结构特征个例分析

利用机载PMS粒子探测系统对2006年8月27日甘肃省中部一次降水性天气过程进行空中观测,对云中微物理特征进行了分析。研究发现云层中小粒子对含水量的贡献较大,云层主要以平均直径小于20μm的小云滴为主。在低层云滴浓度和含水量大于上层,而平均直径小于上层,符合"播撒-供给"降水机理,云上部主要增长方式有凝华增长、淞附增长,在云下部主要增长机制是碰并增长。     

分散液态烃裂解气资源评价方法

分散液态烃裂解气资源评价涉及五方面内容,可概括为"五步法"的定量评价方法。步骤一:源内和源外液态烃的分配比例和数量研究。模拟实验及实际地质样品统计相结合的研究结果,烃源岩中滞留烃的数量可观,受有机质丰度、类型、演化程度、烃源岩岩性、物性以及与储集层的配置关系等因素影响。总体特征烃源岩排油率变化于20%~80%,以TOC 2%为界,排油率为50%上下;高TOC、类型优质的烃源岩排油率高。步骤二:源外分散液态烃的主要分布、富集区研究。通过数值模拟正演研究液态烃的优势运移通道及分布富集区;同时,通过热成因沥青的数量统计及分布、样品的荧光特征反演研究分散液态烃的分布富集区。步骤三:不同赋存状态液态烃裂解成气的转化率研究。模拟地质条件下碳酸盐岩、泥岩和砂岩中的分散液态烃裂解生气实验,反映碳酸盐岩、泥岩和砂岩对液态烃的裂解均有催化作用,作用强度依次减弱,主生气期对应的Ro值分别为1.2%~3.2%、1.3%~3.4%和1.4%~3.6%;超压抑制液态烃裂解生气,达到相同转化率温度滞后30℃左右。步骤四:研究区含油气系统研究:加强液态烃晚期规模生气和有效成藏的要素和关键时刻的分析。步骤五:分散液态烃裂解气的定量评价以及资源评估。以深层海相天然气成因研究为基础建立的分散液态烃"五步法"定量评价方法,实现了中国深层古老烃源岩源内分散液态烃裂解气、源外分散液态烃裂解气、古油藏裂解气、干酪根降解气的整体、系统评价。     

田阳三化螟蛾盛发高峰初日气象预警模型

三化螟为水稻主要害虫之一,单食水稻,在田阳一年发生完全4个世代,开展各世代螟蛾盛发高峰期气象预警,对科学适时防螟灭虫,虫口夺粮意义重大。利用农业植保部门提供的三化螟蛾盛发高峰期虫情资料和气象部门气象观测同期资料,采用逐步回归方法,建立三化螟蛾盛发高峰初日气象预警模型。结果表明:各世代预警模型输出的盛发高峰初日与实况误差3天的拟合正确率为82.2%～92.9%。试报2015—2016年,第1世代预报与实况误差为3天,第2代至第4世代误差为1～2天。三化螟蛾盛发高峰初日气象预警模型的拟合正确率、试报结果误差范围比较理想,可投入日常业务应用。     

芒果嫁接成活气象条件及生产管理措施

利用芒果嫁接成活率多年分期物候观测以及同期的气象观测实况资料进行统计分析。结果表明,芒果嫁接成活率与嫁接后的接口愈合期气温成显著正相关,与光照、降水量、空气相对湿度相关不明显。建立了芒果嫁接成活率与嫁接后6天平均气温、最高气温回归方程,影响芒果嫁接成活的主要气象要素是日均温。个例分析表明芒果嫁接成活关键期即嫁接穗生理脆弱的接口愈合期,气温偏低或异常高温天气对芒果嫁接成活不利影响极大。讨论了依气象条件提高嫁接成活率注意事项,提出了相应的生产管理措施。