对吐哈盆地相邻两幅遥感图像的辐射匹配

在ERDAS软件的支持下,对吐哈盆地相邻的两幅ETM遥感图像采用所介绍的直方图加减均值差和方差均值2种方法进行辐射匹配,并得出基于这2种方法的几点结论用于提高辐射匹配程度。同时为了降低匹配时存在的人为误差,提出了一种新的多样本均值的辐射匹配方法。最后通过对3种匹配方法的结果进行定量性检验,证明多样本均值的辐射匹配方法能达到较好的匹配效果,其匹配结果要优于前2种方法,具有可行性。笔者的目的在于:经过对不同方法的运用、对比及验证,提出了一种更为优越的辐射匹配方法———多样本均值法,以用于对吐哈盆地整体的辐射匹配。较好的匹配效果有助于对盆地内一些相关指数的准确评价和其砂岩型铀矿的分析研究。     

SASW法在粉土液化判别中的应用

文章介绍了面波法(SASW法)的基本原理与测试方法,并将该方法用于判别黄河三角洲饱和粉土的液化势.通过标准贯入试验结果与瑞雷波法判别结果的对比,说明以剪切波速为土性指标的液化判别方法是一个很有前景的方法,但由于资料太少,建议继续收集液化调查资料,以发展出一个有充分根据的液化判别方法.     

极地海冰-海洋参数遥感反演模型分布式共享研究

本文以SOA开放式架构与OGC标准规范,提出了极地海冰-海洋参数遥感反演模型分布式共享服务体系。服务体系以"模型服务"为核心,探讨了模型服务接口和模型服务的互操作问题。为了简化极地海冰-海洋参数遥感反演模型的分布式共享过程,提出了极地海冰-海洋参数遥感反演模型共享服务平台的概念。共享服务平台处于模型与模型应用客户端之间,可以实现两者之间的数据转化和功能协同,以及实现模型算法与其他功能的分离,使模型开发者可以专注于模型算法的设计和实现。最后,以海冰密集度遥感反演模型和冰间湖识别模型为例,实现了极地海冰-海洋参数遥感反演模型分布式共享方法。     

气候变化影响下极端水文事件的多变量统计模型研究

以黄河流域太原气象站和淮河流域鲁台子水文站为研究对象,利用Copula函数构建气候要素（降水）同极端水文事件（干旱和洪水）之间的多元统计模型,分析不同降水条件下不同等级干旱和洪水的发生概率变化。结果表明,Gumbel Copula能够较好地描述太原站7月份的前期累加降水量和帕默尔干旱指数（PDSI）的相关结构。随着降水量的增加,极端干旱的发生概率逐渐减小,重旱、中旱和轻旱的发生概率则先增加后减小。Clayton Copula能够较好地描述鲁台子水文站前期累加降水量和洪峰流量之间的相关结构。当前期累加降水量大于等于某一定值时,随着年最大洪峰x的增大,发生洪峰≥x的极端洪水事件的概率逐渐减小。在同一个极端洪水发生概率下,前期累加降水量越大,洪峰流量出现大值的可能性越大。     

Effects of initial soil water content and saturated hydraulic conductivity variability on small watershed runoff simulation using LISEM

Abstract

Soil water content (θ) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s) vary in space. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of initial soil water content (θ_i) and K_s variability on runoff simulations using the LImburg Soil Erosion Model (LISEM) in a small watershed in the Chinese Loess Plateau, based on model parameters derived from intensive measurements. The results showed that the total discharge (TD) and peak discharge (PD) were underestimated when the variability of θ_i and K_s was partially considered or completely ignored compared with those when the variability was fully considered. Time to peak (TP) was less affected by the spatial variability compared to TD and PD. Except for TP in some cases, significant differences were found in all hydrological variables (TD, PD and TP) between the cases in which spatial variability of θ_i or K_s was fully considered and those in which spatial variability was partially considered or completely ignored. Furthermore, runoff simulations were affected more strongly by K_s variability than by θ_i variability. The degree of spatial variability influences on runoff simulations was related to the rainfall pattern and θ_i. Greater rainfall depth and instantaneous rainfall intensity corresponded to a smaller influence of the spatial variability. Stronger effects of the θ_i variability on runoff simulation were found in wetter soils, while stronger effects of the K_s variability were found in drier soils. For accurate runoff simulation, the θ_i variability can be completely ignored in cases of a 1-h duration storm with a return period greater than 10 years, while K_s variability should be fully considered even in the case of a 1-h duration storm with a return period of 20 years.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor A. Fiori     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987111001150

The Erlangmiao granite intrusion is located in the eastern part of the East Qinling Orogen.The granite contains almost 99 vol.％ felsic minerals with accessory garnet,muscovite,biotite,zircon,and Fe-Ti ...     

基于循环神经网络的重力异常数据推估研究

利用鄂尔多斯西南缘的重力观测数据对长短期记忆循环神经网络(long short-term memory, LSTM)进行训练,结果表明,该神经网络可基于有限的数据获取较好的推估结果。基于自由空气重力异常数据,对比分析长短期记忆循环神经网络和传统克里金方法的推估结果发现,神经网络的推估能力优于传统克里金方法,但运算效率低于后者。利用自由空气重力异常对整个区域进行推估,结果表明,LSTM方法明显优于克里金方法,加入高程数据作为约束条件可有效提升LSTM方法推估自由空气重力异常场的精度。     

石英SEM-CL微结构及其在岩石学中的应用

综述了国外扫描电镜一阴极发光(SEM-CL)成像技术在岩石学研究中的应用实例.采用阴极发光探测器和扫描电镜结合的方法对石英等矿物进行观察,可以在高放大倍数和高分辨率下获得其他方法所无法揭示的丰富的微结构信息,如暗条痕和斑块、愈合裂纹、环带、复杂剪切纹、面状结构等,这些不同的微结构成为不同类型岩石中所特有的特征,因此,对...     

Temporal variations in aerosol composition at Lanzhou City,Northwestern China

Although Lanzhou is one of the most heavily polluted cities in China, the composition of its air pollutants have not yet been studied in detail. The data of four months on the concentrations and compositions of ions from daily air-filter samples in the winter and spring during 2007–2008 were analyzed to investigate temporal trends and their possible causes. The results indicate that mean concentrations of almost all the aerosol components are greater in winter than in spring due to stronger emissions in winter and weaker localized dispersion. Spring dust storms are the major cause of the highest peak PM10 concentrations recorded during the study period; however, these elevated levels were transient. Ion concentrations related to coal combustion show the greatest reduction from winter to spring, while the concentrations of strong crustal components show a less-pronounced reduction. Strong cycles in the levels of particulate matter (PM) and all ions are also observed during the winter months due to meteorological conditions. Depending on the season, nine different ions accounted for 20%–50% of the PM concentration. The particle size of polluting ions was constant at times of increasing PM concentrations (particularly during winter), whereas the particle size of crustal ions increased dramatically during spring dust storms. Local meteorological conditions (especially wind speed) have a strong influence on the levels of pollutants. Four dust storms were noted, including one during winter. In summary, the regional transport of desert dust from the Gobi can significantly affect air quality and the chemical composition of aerosols in Lanzhou. The dust storms can strongly increase concentration of crustal ions, which are characteristics of deserts in northwestern China. This observation is in agreement with back-trajectories, which show reduced levels of pollutant ions during dust storms. Data on nitrate:sulfate ratios indicate that stationary point sources are the main source of ions rather than mobile sources.     

渭北煤田铜川矿区鸭口煤矿充水因素分析

地下水文地质特征影响因素研究可以为开展矿井充水防治工作提供依据。通过对渭北煤田铜川矿区鸭口煤矿的水文地质资料进行综合分析,分析认为:地表水与本区二水平涌水量之间具有一定的相关性,而老空积水则与之无明显的相关性;二叠系石千峰组、奥陶系峰峰组、石炭系太原组石英砂岩层和K2灰岩含水层均不是造成矿井充水的主要原因;上石盒子组中下部砂岩含水层造成5-2煤层充水的可能性较小,下石盒子组下部砂岩和山西组下部砂岩含水层可引起煤层顶板充水;中、小型断裂带可以成为矿井充水的良好通道;二水平冒裂带波及范围至山西组下部砂岩含水层,造成充水的可能性较小;封闭不良的钻孔可以导水,严重时可以造成矿井充水。研究结论可为合理有效的开展矿井水防治工作提供一些理论依据。