北京1990年大海坨山地震尾波Q－1sup>随时间的变化

利用中国数字地震台网(CDSN)北京台记录, 计算了北京地区1987年1月至1991年8月近90个地方震尾波Q－1,研究了大海坨山5.4级地震前后尾波Q－1随时间的变化和与该区地震活动性的关系。结果表明, 在频率1-16HZ、尾波持续时间10-60S内, 尾波Q－1在该期间出现明显的时间变化, 且与该区地震活动有关。在地震前后, 主震区的尾波Q－1值显示出震前低震后高, 而在外部区域则为震前高震后低。同时发现, 尾波Q－1与频率的幂函数关系式Q－1=Q(f/f0)-中的幂次数及相当于频率1Hz时的品质因素Q0也随时间而变。实测结果表明, 三个分向的尾波Q－1在各频率上随时间的变化表现并不一致。      

亚洲的扩张挤压构造——从简单蜡泥实验得出的新见解

利用单边封闭的蜡泥塑料来进行平面压陷实验以帮助我们去了解东亚限定的陆间形变和走向—滑动断层的演化。一些大型左旋走向—滑动断层曾不断活化,主体上是同时的。实验显示印度向亚洲插入曾经旋转了(≈25°),并且在碰撞的前二、三千万年里沿红河左旋断层使印度支那向东南挤压了(≈800公里)。该过程能说明南中国海在晚中新世前张开的原因。挤压构造北移,促动阿尔金塔格断层成为第二条主要的左旋断层,并使华南向东移动数百公里。事件发生后,印度支那保持顺时针转动(多达40°),而红河和它南面的走向—滑动断层则作反方向运动。莫圭盆地和安达曼海的张开(直到现在)看来也是挤压的简单运动结果。中国东北部和云南现代裂谷可看出类似于南中国海和安达曼海的初期。若以我们实验为指南,像泰国海湾(暹罗湾——译者)等沉积盆地的其它第三纪构造现象可说明是碰撞的结果。实验还预示有一个重要的左旋走向滑动断层和裂谷系将扩展穿过天山、蒙古和贝加尔而延至鄂霍茨克海。     

工程控制测量用三角测量观测平差方法

讨论典型工程控制测量中三角测量和观测方程平差的方法，这个方法的优点与传统的条件法比较通过两个检验网成果的验算来叙述。     

西奈东部Bir Zreir菱形地堑的成因

Bir Zreir菱形地堑,位于西奈东部.此地堑在三维空间上出露良好.前寒武纪结晶基底和上覆显生宇沉积物之间的近水平状不整合面,基底侵入体的接触面和早中新世的基性岩脉体系可使人们非常精确地填绘局部构造,确定沿断层的垂直和水平位移.用标准的“拉开(Pullapart)模式”对Bir Zreir菱形地堑预测的垂直离距比观察到的大3到6倍.根据Bir Zreir地块发生旋转运动而建立的另一种模式,与野外的证据更为接近。本文推论:地堑的形状和大小由初始断层的格局所决定;后期构造运动使地堑的最终形状相对没有什么变化.Bir Zreir地块的旋转是南北向断层的左旋位移和其走向变为北北东以及区域上东西向拉张的综合结果.本文所提出的模式,不需要沿斜向断层(diagonal fault)有一个类如“拉开”那样大而深的张裂(gap)。     

Quantitative measurement of channel-block hydraulic interactions by experimental saturation of a large, natural, fissured rock mass

The hydrodynamic behavior of fissured media relies on the relationships between a few very conductive fractures (channels) and the remaining low-conductivity fractures and matrix (blocks). We made a quantitative measurement of those relationships and their effect on water drainage and storage in a 19,000 m3 natural reservoir consisting of karstified limestones. This reservoir was artificially saturated with water by closing a water gate on the main outlet during a varying time (delta t) fixed by the operator. The water gate was completely or partly closed until the water pressure reached a particular specified value. If the water gate was left completely closed long enough, the water pressure was fixed by the elevation of temporary outlets at the site boundaries. The water elevation within the reservoir was monitored by means of pressure cells located on single fractures representative of the bedding plane and the two families of fractures of the massif network. The comparison of pressure variations with the network geometry allows us to identify a typical double permeability characterized by a few very conductive channels along 10 vertical faults. These channels limit blocks consisting of low-conductivity bedding planes and a rather impervious matrix. Depending on the closure interval, delta t, of the water gate, the total volume of water stored in the reservoir can vary from 0.8 m3 (delta t = 5 minutes) to 18.6 m3 (delta t = 2 days). Such a variance of storage versus closure time is explained by the reservoir's double permeability that is characterized by blocks that saturate much more slowly than channels. If plotted versus time, this injected volume fits a power relationship, according to the saturation state of the blocks. In less than 34 minutes, storage is close to zero in the blocks and to 1.6 to 2 m3 in the channels. For closing times shorter than 1 hour, only 1% of the volume that flows in the channels is stored into the blocks. Depending on the water pressure and for a given delta t = 3000 minutes, the volume of water stored is controlled by the geometry of the joint network and of the aquifer boundaries. Such an experiment shows that the flow is concentrated in about 10% of the fractured network (channels). The water storage that takes place in the 90% remaining fractures (blocks) depends mainly on time during which pressure remains high into the 10% channels. The accurate modeling of such typical double-permeability media needs a careful study of the geometry of the channels whose narrowings modify the flow and induce dam effects that maintain a high pressure gradient with surrounding blocks.     

SPECIFIC DEGRADATION OF WATERSHEDS

An extensive database of reservoir sedimentation surveys throughout continental United States is compiled and analyzed to determine specific degradation SD relationships as function of mean annual rainfall R, drainage area A, and watershed slope S. The database contains 1463 field measurements and specific degradation relationships are defined as function of A, R and S. Weak trends and significant variability in the data are noticeable. Specific degradation measurements are log normally distributed with respect to R, A, and S and 95% confidence intervals are determined accordingly. The accuracy of the predictions does not significantly increase as more independent variables are added to the regression analyses.