Environmental integrity of international carbon market mechanisms under the Paris Agreement

The Paris Agreement establishes provisions for using international carbon market mechanisms to achieve climate mitigation contributions. Environmental integrity is a key principle for using such mechanisms under the Agreement. This paper systematically identifies and categorizes issues and options to achieve environmental integrity, including how it could be defined, what influences it, and what approaches could mitigate environmental integrity risks. Here, environmental integrity is assumed to be ensured if the engagement in international transfers of carbon market units leads to the same or lower aggregated global emissions. Four factors are identified that influence environmental integrity: the accounting for international transfers; the quality of units generated, i.e. whether the mechanism ensures that the issuance or transfer of units leads to emission reductions in the transferring country; the ambition and scope of the mitigation target of the transferring country; and incentives or disincentives for future mitigation action, such as possible disincentives for transferring countries to define future mitigation targets less ambitiously or more narrowly in order to sell more units. It is recommended that policy-makers combine several approaches to address the significant risks to environmental integrity.

Key policy insights

• Robust accounting is a key prerequisite for ensuring environmental integrity. The diversity of nationally determined contributions is an important challenge, in particular for avoiding double counting and for ensuring that the accounting for international transfers is representative for the mitigation efforts by Parties over time.

• Unit quality can, in theory, be ensured through appropriate design of carbon market mechanisms; in practice, existing mechanisms face considerable challenges in ensuring unit quality. Unit quality could be promoted through guidance under Paris Agreement Article 6, and reporting and review under Article 13.

• The ambition and scope of mitigation targets is key for the incentive for transferring countries to ensure unit quality because countries with ambitious and economy-wide targets would have to compensate for any transfer of units that lack quality. Encouraging countries to adopt ambitious and economy-wide NDC targets would therefore facilitate achieving environmental integrity.

• Restricting transfers in instances of high environmental integrity risk – through eligibility criteria or limits – could complement these approaches.

     

Demand Forecast of Geological Disaster Rescue Equipment Based on "Scenario-Task"

Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - The suddenness, complexity, and devastation of major geological disasters make it necessary to improve the efficiency of disaster rescue. At present, the...     

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40Ar/39Ar and U–Pb SHRIMP dating of Aptian tuff cones in the Aisén Basin,Central Patagonian Cordillera

Surtseyan tuff cones of the Baño Nuevo Volcanic Complex erupted in shallow marine water during the waning stage of the Aisén Basin, the northern part of the Austral Basin of the Central Patagonian Cordillera. This volcanic complex was emplaced within the Hauterivian to early Aptian Apeleg Formation, the youngest sedimentary unit of this basin, whilst the sediments were still wet. Three new Ar/Ar dates (amphibole) and one U–Pb SHRIMP date (zircon) from this complex yielded concordant early Aptian ages of 122–121 Ma. These data agree with the contact relationships between the Apeleg Formation and the tuff cones. These dates also agree with those of early Aptian ammonites collected from the Apeleg Formation 100 km south of the study area, which represent the youngest fossils identified in this unit. Aptian to Albian subaerial volcanic rocks of the Divisadero Group, paraconformably overlie the Apeleg Formation. The emplacement of the Baño Nuevo Volcanic Complex pre-dates the disappearance of the Aisén Basin.     

The spectrum and position of solar noise storms at decameter wavelengths

Decametric storm radiation during the period July–August 1970 has been observed simultaneously with a high sensitivity spectrograph at Arecibo Observatory and with the log-periodic, swept-frequency array of the Clark Lake Radio Observatory. The observations complement each other; different types of fine structure emissions can be easily identified on the spectrograph records and their position can be determined from the swept-frequency recordings. We study the relative positions of the different emissions which have been observed during the storms. Four distinct sources appeared to be present. The continuum emission, the type I bursts and the flare-related type III's were all emitted at different locations. The storm type III bursts, type IIIb's and drift pairs overlapped in position, but appeared at different locations than the previously mentioned sources.On leave of absence from Instituto Argentino de Radioastronomia, Argentina.     

Umbral dots: A case of penetrative convection between sunspot fragments

A study of the observations made on the development and, in some cases, even the decay of 15 large active regions is presented. It is shown that the mature spots result from the subphotospherically controlled attraction of several large fragments of 1–2 × 10²¹ Mx, which are themselves made of smaller elements. The fragments are more stable structures than the spots they constitute; and usually survive after the spot decay. In the process of coalescence of fragments to form the spot, the fusion is never complete and properly exposed photographs reveal light bridges or saddle-like distributions of umbral dots in the interstices between fragments. These are also the regions along which the break up of the spot occurs. For us, these observations fit within the expectations of the penetrative convection mechanism for umbral dots proposed by Parker (1979b).     

Sunspot populations and their relation with the solar cycle

The joint consideration of theoretical and observational arguments is used to conclude that two different spot populations co-exist in the Sun.Proceedings of the 14th ESLAB Symposium on Physics of Solar Variations, 16–19 September 1980, Scheveningen, The Netherlands.     

Volcanic hazards at Fossa of Vulcano: Data from the last 6,000 years

Stratigraphic reconstruction of the complete sequence of deposits that formed the Fossa cone of Vulcano has distinguished four principal eruptive cycles: Punte Nere, Palizzi, Commenda, and Pietre Cotte. At least three additional eruptive cycles, one of which ends with the Campo Sportivo lava, occur between deposits of the Punte Nere and Palizzi cycles. However, exposure is inadequate for their characterization. The assignment of the modern deposits that follow the Pietre Cotte lava is uncertain.Deposits of each cycle follow a similar stochastic pattern that is controlled by a decrease in the effect of water/melt interaction. The normal sequence of pyroclastic products for each cycle starts with wet-surge beds, followed by dry-surge horizons, fall deposits, and finally lava flows. Absolute age determinations have been made on each cycle-ending lava flow.Wet-surge deposits normally occur near the crater rim, whereas dry-surge deposits are more widespread, reaching the surrounding caldera wall in many places. Thick fall deposits are confined to a zone extending about 800 m from the crater rim. Lava flows normally reach the base of the cone. The greatest hazard at Fossa is related to surge eruptions. The thickness of dry-surge deposits on the flanks of the cone increases away from the crater, but they pinch out toward the source near the crater rim. SEM analysis of the surface textures of juvenile glass clasts from dry-surge deposits confirms that the dominant control on the eruptive mechanism is water/melt interaction. Only slight modifications are induced on grain surfaces during transport. Particles from the Palizzi dry-surge beds lack surface textures characteristic of fall pyroclasts which suggests that ballistic fragments were not incorporated into the dense portion of the turbulent surge cloud. A quantitative analysis of the dispersal of products from the Palizzi cycle allowed creation of a computer-generated map for this eruption.Paper presented at the IUGG Inter-disciplinary Symposium on Volcanic Hazard, Hamburg, August 1983.     

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Summary Analysis of the data set describing the chemical composition of the rocks and their electrical parameters was performed by the principal component method. Some relations between chemical composition and electrical parameters were established.