A Survey of the Spatio-Temporal Data Model

Traditional GIS(Geographic Information System)mostly can only describe the transient state data and does not have the ability to deal with the temporal dynamic data. When the data changes, new data will take the place of the old data, namely the transient state change into another, and the old data will disappear. Therefore, it is unable to make an analysis of the updating changes of the data and predict the development trend of the future. In this case, TGIS (Temporal Geographic Information System) emerges and expands the time dimension on the basis of traditional GIS. Spatio-temporal data model is the key to TGIS. Spatio-temporal data modeling is not only related to dynamic expression of spatio-temporal objects, but also gives an important support for spatio-temporal analysis and reasoning. This paper summarized the theories and applications status at home and abroad of spatio-temporal data model in detail, illustrated family tree of spatio-temporal data model for the nearly fifty years, discussed improvement and application status of Base State with Amendments Model, Event-based Spatio-temporal Data Model, Object-oriented Data Model and other spatio-temporal data models, and raised the existing problems of spatio-temporal data model. The current existing problems mainly includes: ①There are a lot of spatio-temporal data models put forward, but some of them only focus on semantic design and neglect the verified; ②Most of existing spatio-temporal data model are for vector data, only the Event-based Spatio-temporal Data Model is raster data structure; ③At present, the expression the time-space information of geographic entity is relative separated with spatio-temporal data model; ④Spatio-temporal data model is mainly used in cadastral management, land use and forestry data updating, less application in other fields. In the end, the future development direction was put forward of spatio-temporal data model. In the time of big data and “Internet plus”, it is necessary to explore the big data spatio-temporal data model that supports multiple data formats.     

孟加拉湾海表盐度变化特征的卫星遥感应用研究

本文利用2011年8月至2014年3月Aquarius卫星盐度产品结合Argo等实测盐度资料,探讨了孟加拉湾海表盐度的季节及年际变化特征。结果显示,Aquarius与Argo盐度呈显著线性正相关,总体较Argo盐度值低,偏差为-0.13,其中在孟加拉湾北部海域负偏差值比南部海域更大,分别为-0.28和-0.10。Aquarius卫星与Argo浮标在表层盐度观测深度上的差别是造成此系统偏差的主因。Aquarius盐度资料清晰显示了孟加拉湾海表盐度具有明显的季节变化特征,包括阿拉伯海高盐水的入侵引起湾南部海域盐度的变化以及湾北部淡水羽分布范围的季节性迁移等主要特征。此外,分析还揭示了2011(2012)年春季整个湾内出现异常高盐(低盐)现象。研究表明,2010(2011)年湾北部夏季降雨减少(增加)导致该海域海水盐度偏高(偏低),并通过表层环流向南输运引起次年春季湾内表层盐度出现异常高盐(低盐)现象,春季风应力旋度正(负)距平通过影响盐度垂直混合过程对同期表层盐度异常高盐(低盐)变化也有影响。     

我国东部沿海地区海洋环境绩效评价研究

海洋强国战略是我国海洋经济发展的重要引擎,海洋环境的科学保护、海洋资源的合理开发是海洋经济发展的重要举措。文章引入生态环境绩效、社会经济绩效等变量,通过因子分析法计算影响海洋环境的主要成分因子,并根据成分因子得分系数科学地对海洋环境绩效进行评价。相关因子的权重结果表明,社会经济绩效因子所占权重大于生态环境绩效因子,要使海洋环境得到可持续发展,需要社会各界不断努力,健全海洋环境监测机制,共同形成保护海洋环境的良好氛围。     

经略21世纪海上丝路:重要航线、节点及港口特征

为了更好地认识21世纪海上丝绸之路(简称"海上丝路"),文章对"海上丝路"涉及的重要航线、节点及港口的地理位置、气候状况、水文特征、商业价值、人文背景等进行梳理。重要航线、节点及港口的使用与管理作为"海上丝路"建设的基础要素,是与造船能力并列的核心资源,三者之间环环相扣,构成"海上丝路"健康运营的完整体系。与沿"海上丝路"国家稳步推进航线、节点及港口的管理、开发与维护,打造坚实的战略支撑点、现代之"海上驿站",是成功实现我国资源多样化、产业走出去、贸易全球化的最佳路径之一,以此为契机,融入现有国际海洋法公约并在践行过程中制定利我的海上政策体制,助力"海之梦"、"中国梦"。     

经略21世纪海上丝路之海洋环境特征:海流特征

海流对于海洋渔业、海洋表层初级生产力分布、海洋物质输运等理化生现象有着重要影响。文章利用海洋再分析流场资料,简要分析印度洋海区和南海海区(20°S—30°N,30°E—130°E)的流场年平均以及季节变化特点,得出以下结论:1南海海区流场的季节变化显著,受到季风、黑潮和地形的共同影响作用,在东北季风期间存在沿粤东沿岸至海南岛南侧转向沿越南沿岸的一支流系,该流系的强度变化影响爪哇海等南海南侧海区流场变化。2苏拉威西岛东侧和加里曼丹岛西侧流系有明显的季节变化,在流动强盛的时期这两支流系均是偏南向流动;从爪哇海流出的海流常年存在,夏季附近流速最大,最大流速分布在1.0m/s。3赤道印度洋海区和非洲东岸的沿岸流存在明显的季节变化,上层海区流动的低流速区存在流向切变;沿岸流最大流速在5-9月出现,可达1.8m/s以上,而赤道流系则在11月,可达0.8m/s以上。     

南海海表风速、波高的变化趋势

文章以ERA-40资料为基础,利用EOF方法分析南海海面风速、波高的两个模态空间分布,系统计算1957—2002年南海海表风速、波高的空间分布特征、长期变化趋势和突变现象。分析结果显示,南海海面风、浪场的第一模态具有很好的相似性,第二模态已表现出不同的特征;第一模态的时间系数也表明风场和波高的变化特征具有明显的正相关性,而且波高的响应具有一定的滞后性;南海风速场和海浪场在1973—2002年都存在下降趋势,海浪场的下降趋势更为显著。     

Atmospheric insight to climatic signals of δ~(18)O in a Laohugou ice core in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau during 1960–2006

δ~(18)O variations;;ice core;;outgoing longwave radiation;;meridional wind;;northeastern Tibetan Plateau     

Livelihood changes and evolution of upland ethnic communities driven by tourism: a case study in Guizhou Province,southwest China

As an effective livelihood approach to alleviate poverty without rural population migration, ethnic tourism has become the primary choice of economic development in ethnic areas worldwide in addition to traditional livelihood approaches. This article applies the theories of livelihood to study the community evolution driven by tourism livelihood and examine three mountainous tourism communities in different stages of tourist area life cycle. Drawing on the methods of GIS spatial analysis, semi-structured interviews and questionnaires, this article proposes a sustainable livelihood framework for ethnic tourism to explore the evolution of ethnic tourism communities by identifying changes in livelihood assets (natural, financial, social, cultural and human capitals) in the process of tourism development. The results show that the development of ethnic tourism has led to changes in the increase of building land, and the diversification of land use functions with a trend of shifting from meeting local villagers' living needs to satisfying tourists, income composition and uneven distribution of tourism income spatially. Ethnic tourism also led to the deterioration of traditional social management structure, collapse of neighboring relationship, the over- commercialization and staged authenticity of ethnic culture, as well as the gradual vanish of agricultural knowledge with a trend of increasing modern business knowledge and higher education. In addition, these changes, involving livelihood assets from natural, economic, human, social and cultural aspects are interrelated and interactive, which form new evolution characters of ethnic community. This study reveals the conflicts over livelihood approaches which have formed new vulnerabilities to impact on sustainable evolution of ethnic communities. This research provides implications for achieving the sustainable development of ethnic communities with the driving force of tourism livelihood.     

库车坳陷新生代构造应力场恢复

库车坳陷的构造变形及演化与南天山造山带的发育密切相关。库车坳陷新近纪以来的喜马拉雅晚期构造运动最为强烈,形成了天山山前大型冲断带,并造就了现今的构造格局。通过对库车坳陷北部构造样式的识别及各种应力场指示标志的测量、统计和构造解析,对野外获得的应力场指示标志划分了期次,认为喜马拉雅晚期应力场标志为近南北向挤压。结合库车坳陷区域构造要素,如地质体几何形态、边界条件、岩石力学参数等,运用弹性力学有限元数值模拟的方法获得了喜马拉雅晚期库车坳陷的区域应力场。模拟结果表明,库车坳陷喜马拉雅晚期最大主压应力方向为近南北向,与古应力场标志拟合较高,可以为库车坳陷裂缝预测和评价提供依据,对勘探开发有应用价值。