A Disconnection Event of Comet Lulin†

The cometary disconnection event (DE) is the separation of the entire cometary tail or a part of it from the cometary head. It is one of the most spectacular phenomena of comets. The driving mechanism remains unclear, and at present there are many competitive theories to explain the onset of DE. However, the variable solar wind is suspected to play a major role. Comet Lulin exhibited a DE on 4th Feb. 2009. The data around this date are analyzed, and it is found that the comet Lulin had already endured a DE on 3rd Feb. 2009. By comparing the morphologies of the plasma tails in these two DEs, it is concluded that the DE which occurred on 3rd Feb. 2009 is another DE, which is distinct from that of 4th Feb. 2009. In this paper, we describe the results of analysis on the DE dated 3rd Feb. 2009. The measured velocity of disconnection motion is about 68 km/s, and the calculated onset time of this DE is 3.635 ± 0.215 Feb. 2009 in UT decimal date. Combining the orbital characteristics of Comet Lulin before and after the DE occurrence and the solar-wind data measured by the STEREO-A spacecraft, it is concluded that the DE which occurred on 3rd Feb. 2009 was probably caused by the magnetic reconnection due to the interaction between the comet and a coronal mass ejection (CME).     

The Global Distribution of Diapycnal Mixing and Mixing Coefficient Tensor in the Upper 2000m Ocean from Argo Observations

Diapycnal Mixing (DM) within the upper 2000m of the global ocean is calculated by a fine-scale parameterization using the multiyear-mean density gridded product that created by employing all the Argo float observations to date through the recently published equation of seawater TEOS-10. The geographic distribution of Argo-derived DM derived in this study is spatial-dependent and varies with latitude and depth. The magnitude and pattern of DM is favorably validated by comparisons with previous studies. Furthermore, the mixing coefficient tensor K is calculated and analyzed. Components of the tensor fitting for the geopotential coordinate models are also presented. It is found that the tensor components in horizontal direction, K_xx and K_yy, have similar magnitude and distribution pattern. In the vertical, K_zz is enhanced over regions with rough topography and strong wind (e.g., Westerly region), suggesting agreement with previous estimates. This work presents a scheme to estimate the DM and mixing coefficient tensor using Argo observations, and offers a useful Argo-based mixing product for the purpose of promoting the study and modeling of ocean circulation and other processes.     

南极适冷菌Psychrobacter sp.G 普遍胁迫蛋白(USP)基因的克隆及其胁迫条件下的应答特征分析

根据南极适冷菌Psychrobacter sp.G基因组测序草图发现并克隆到了1个普遍胁迫蛋白(Universal StressProtein,USP)基因Usp1141。该基因ORF长462bp,编码153个氨基酸,蛋白理论分子量为17kDa,pI为5.23。通过多序列比对发现该USP含有交替排列的4个α螺旋和5个β折叠,以及与ATP结合相关的氨基酸残基,表明该蛋白可能通过与ATP结合而发挥作用。利用实时定量PCR技术对该蛋白在不同胁迫条件下的表达情况进行分析发现,温度变化对Usp1141基因的表达没有显著影响;低盐度(0,15)胁迫会显著抑制其表达,而高盐度(90,120)胁迫则会显著促进其表达;在温度与盐度协同胁迫条件下,当培养基盐度低于菌株生长的最适盐度时,无论温度高低,Usp1141基因的表达均受到抑制,而当培养基盐度高于最适盐度时,无论温度高低,Usp1141基因的表达均会提高。实时定量PCR研究表明,Usp1141基因可能在南极适冷菌Psychrobactersp.G对环境渗透压变化的适应性中发挥作用。     

海州湾连云港邻近水域蟹类的分布特征

本文根据2009年5月、9月和12月海州湾水域生物资源的调查资料,分析了海州湾水域蟹类资源密度的分布,多样性及蟹类优势种对蟹类数量分布的影响。结果表明,5月、9月和12月蟹类质量密度分别为36.15、53.85和44.91kg/km2,尾数密度为6.33×103、3.13×103和35.88×103ind./km2。5月、9月和12月蟹类以质量计算的物种多样性分别是0.95、0.64和0.65,以尾数计算的物种多样性分别是0.96、1.01和0.61。海州湾水域以广温广盐性蟹类为主,5月、9月和12月的最重要的优势种分别为双斑蟳(Charybdis bimaculata)、日本蟳(Charybdis japonica)和豆形短眼蟹(Xenophthalmus pin-notheroides)。春季蟹类的密度分布规律不明显;秋季蟹类的密度分布除湾外个别站位很高之外,其余站位分布均匀;冬季蟹类的密度分布沿岸稍高于湾外。季节变化很大程度上影响了优势种的改变。不同季节,蟹类优势种类的绝对优势,使得蟹类多样性平面分布与蟹类密度分布存在差异。     

南极罗斯岛及泰勒谷新生代火山岩微量元素特征及岩石成因

本文对采自南极罗斯岛及泰勒谷的新生代火山岩（包括鸟角碱玄岩、伊万思角歪长粗面响岩、罗德角碱玄响岩、克雷特山碱玄岩、碧玄岩博尼湖南岸碧玄岩）中的微量元素、稀土元素及同位素进行了系统的研究。查明研究区的火山岩未遭受地壳混染；证实它们可能来自两种不同的地幔源区。在岩浆演化方式上两套岩石也有所不同，碱玄岩和碧玄岩以地幔平衡部分熔融作用为主，而粗面响岩、碱玄响岩则以分离结晶作用为主。地幔部分熔融度为１．４６～３．５７％。最后对该区地幔的性质进行了初步讨论     

中亚巴尔喀什成矿带晚古生代岩浆活动与斑岩铜矿成矿时代

巴尔喀什成矿带是中亚成矿域重要的晚古生代斑岩铜钼成矿带。通过该成矿带科翁腊德、博尔雷和阿克斗卡地区与斑岩铜成矿作用密切相关的花岗斑岩类岩体锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年,主量、稀土和微量元素地球化学,Sr、Nd同位素示踪分析,进一步厘定了斑岩铜成矿作用的时代,并推测了板块构造环境。斑岩铜成矿时代分为两期：早期约为327 Ma,形成科翁腊德和阿克斗卡超大型斑岩铜矿床;晚期约为316 Ma,形成博尔雷大型斑岩铜矿床。与成矿有关的斑岩类主要为高钾钙碱性系列花岗岩,可能为火山岛弧环境,部分具有埃达克岩特征和经典岛弧花岗岩类特征。斑岩类ε_Sr(t)和ε_Nd(t)的变化范围分别为-6.35~34.03和-0.46~5.53。其中,科翁腊德-博尔雷地区斑岩类来源于亏损地幔与大陆地壳表层物质（老地壳物质）的显著混染作用,而阿克斗卡地区斑岩类直接来自于亏损地幔。将巴尔喀什成矿带与我国西准噶尔成矿带进行了对比,认为可能属于同一个晚古生代斑岩铜钼成矿带。     

实施低碳水泥标准的影响及协同减排效果分析

采用MAP-CGE模型,模拟了我国水泥行业实施低碳水泥标准对不同生产工艺产出、能耗及污染排放的影响,测算了对其边际减排成本和均衡价格的影响,分析了对不同污染物的协同减排效果。模拟结果表明：实施低碳水泥标准有利于水泥生产工艺的升级换代,并有助于水泥行业节能减排;在现有技术水平下,水泥行业在减排1 t CO2的同时将带来约1.17 kg的SO2减排量和4.44 kg的NOx减排量;实施低碳水泥标准对于水泥行业控制NOx排放很有利;但水泥行业也需承担减排成本并导致其均衡价格的小幅上升。     

Advances in research on earthquake fluids hydrogeology in China: a review

Monitoring of subsurface fluid (underground fluid) is an important part of efforts for earthquake prediction in China. The nationwide network, which monitors groundwater level, water temperature, and radon and mercury in groundwater, has been constructed in the last decades. Large amounts of abnormal fluid changes before and after major earthquakes have been recorded, providing precious data for research in earthquake sciences. Many studies have been done in earthquake fluid hydrogeology in order to probe the nature of the earthquake. Much progress in earthquake fluid hydrogeology has been made in the last decades. The paper provides a review of the advances in research on earthquake fluid hydrogeology over the last 40 years in China. It deals with the following five aspects: (1) an introduction to the development history of monitoring networks construction; (2) cases of different subsurface fluid changes recorded before some major earthquakes which occurred in the last decades; (3) characteristics of subsurface fluid changes following major earthquakes; (4) mechanism of subsurface fluid changes before and following earthquakes; (5) application of earthquake fluids in the hydrogeology field.     

基于加权Voronoi图的北京市湿地功能分区研究

湿地功能分区是城市湿地生态系统健康恢复、管理改善,以及资源可持续利用的重要前提。本文以北京湿地为例,利用客观赋权的主成分分析法对湿地生态服务功能进行综合评价;并结合空间分析中的Voronoi图空间分区方法,通过利用牛顿-断裂点模型确定属性权重的主要步骤,构建基于加权Voronoi图的城市湿地功能分区模型,开展"自下而上"定量化的北京湿地功能分区研究。结果表明:(1)北京湿地功能综合评价中,密云水库湿地的功能综合值最大,表明该湿地生态服务功能作用最重要。(2)北京湿地功能分区分为三级框架,其中包括4个一级核心湿地功能区、15个二级核心湿地功能区、43个三级核心湿地单元。(3)湿地资源功能价值量与湿地斑块空间关系的相结合,实现了属性和空间双重距离约束的湿地功能分区,促进了湿地生态系统服务价值评估在决策管理中的深入应用,为城市湿地功能区划提供技术支持。     

Identification of Cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes in Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri)

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily is one of the membership largest and function most diverse protein superfamily recogniozed among living beings. Members of this superfamily were further assigned to different families and subfamilies based on their amino acid similarities. According to their phylogenetic relationships, the CYP genes which likely diverged from common ancestor gene and may share common functions were grouped into one clan. Widely distributing scallops are a group of the most conspicuous bivalve; however the studies on their CYP is acarce. In this study, we searched the genome and expressed sequence tags of Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri) for CYP genes. In total, 88 non-redundant CYP were identified, which were homed in 13 CYPs gene families. Phylogenetic analysis divided these genes into 4 CYP clans. As in deuterostomes, Clan 2 was the largest, which contained 33 genes belonging to CYP1, CYP2, CYP17 and CYP356 families. Clan 3 contgained 19 genes belonging to CYP3, CYP5 and CYP30 families. Clan 4 contained 23 genes, all belonging to CYP4 family. The mitochondrial CYP clan contained 9 genes belonging to CYP10 and CYP24 families. In comparison, protostomes (C. farreri, D. pluex, D. melanogaster) contained more CYP genes than deuterostomes (S. purpuratus and vertebrates) in Clan 2 but less genes in Clan 3 and Clan 4. Our findings will aid to deciphering CYP function and evolution in scallops and bivalves.