腐殖酸对U（Ⅵ）的吸附性能研究

砂岩型铀矿的形成与腐殖酸存在密切联系,在铀成矿过程中的化学作用受多方面因素的制约。通过静态吸附试验,探讨了影响腐殖酸吸附U(Ⅵ)的因素,考查了pH值、吸附时间、加入量等的影响。结果表明:pH值对腐殖酸的吸附影响较大,当pH值为6时,吸附率达到最大;少量的腐殖酸就能使U(Ⅵ)吸附率达到98.79%,随着腐殖酸加入量的增加吸附率随之增加,最后趋于平衡;吸附在较短的时间内基本达到平衡。在腐殖酸-粘土、腐殖酸-砂岩二元系统中,混合后吸附效果增加,并且随着腐殖酸加入量的增加吸附率也随之增大,在腐殖酸-粘土-砂岩三元系统中,也得到了相似的吸附趋势。     

Initiation of large-volume silicic centers in the Yellowstone hotspot track: insights from H<Subscript>2</Subscript>O- and F-rich quartz-hosted rhyolitic melt inclusions in the Arbon Valley Tuff of the Snake River Plain

During the onset of caldera cluster volcanism at a new location in the Snake River Plain (SRP), there is an increase in basalt fluxing into the crust and diverse silicic volcanic products are generated. The SRP contains abundant and compositionally diverse hot, dry, and often low-δ¹⁸O silicic volcanic rocks produced through time during the formation of individual caldera clusters, but more H₂O-rich eruptive products are rare. We report analyses of quartz-hosted melt inclusions from pumice clasts from the upper and lower Arbon Valley Tuff (AVT) to gain insight into the initiation of caldera cluster volcanism. The AVT, a voluminous, caldera-forming rhyolite, represents the commencement of volcanism (10.44 Ma) at the Picabo volcanic field of the Yellowstone hotspot track. This is a normal δ¹⁸O rhyolite consisting of early and late erupted members (lower and upper AVT, respectively) with extremely radiogenic Sr isotopes and unradiogenic Nd isotopes, requiring that ~50 % of the mass of these elements is derived from melts of Archean upper crust. Our data reveal distinctive features of the early erupted lower AVT melt including: variable F concentrations up to 1.4 wt%, homogenous and low Cl concentrations (~0.08 wt%), H₂O contents ranging from 2.3 to 6.4 wt%, CO₂ contents ranging from 79 to 410 ppm, and enrichment of incompatible elements compared to the late erupted AVT, subsequent Picabo rhyolites, SRP rhyolites, and melt inclusions from other metaluminous rhyolites (e.g., Bishop Tuff, Mesa Falls Tuff). We couple melt inclusion data with Ti measurements and cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging of the host quartz phenocrysts to elucidate the petrogenetic evolution of the AVT rhyolitic magma. We observe complex and multistage CL zoning patterns, the most critical being multiple truncations indicative of several dissolution–reprecipitation episodes with bright CL cores (higher Ti) and occasional bright CL rims (higher Ti). We interpret the high H₂O, F, F/Cl, and incompatible trace element concentrations in the context of a model involving melting of Archean crust and mixing of the crustal melt with basaltic differentiates, followed by multiple stages of fractional crystallization, remelting, and melt extraction. This multistage process, which we refer to as distillation, is further supported by the complex CL zoning patterns in quartz. We interpret new Δ¹⁸O(Qz-Mt) isotope measurements, demonstrating a 0.4 ‰ or ~180 °C temperature difference, and strong Sr isotopic and chemical differences between the upper and lower AVT to represent two separate eruptions. Similarities between the AVT and the first caldera-forming eruptions of other caldera clusters in the SRP (Yellowstone, Heise and Bruneau Jarbidge) suggest that the more evolved, lower-temperature, more H₂O-rich rhyolites of the SRP are important in the initiation of a caldera cluster during the onset of plume impingement.     

中国版大洋洲地表覆盖产品研制

针对全球变化研究对大洋洲地表覆盖产品的需求,该文以2000年和2010年的Landsat卫星影像为数据源,提出了对大洋洲影像按照月份分组并进行样本采集与规则训练的方法,采用GLC树分类器进行自动分类,经过分类后处理和数据集成,完成了2000年和2010年两期、30m分辨率的大洋洲地表覆盖产品研制工作。利用高分辨率影像、实地采集照片等进行室内精度评定,该大洋洲地表覆盖产品的精度达到90%以上。     

Recursive algorithm for fast GNSS orbit fitting

Gaussian elimination is an efficient and numerically stable algorithm for estimating parameters and their precision. However, before estimating the parameters, it is often prudent to perform statistical tests to achieve the best fitting model. We use Gaussian elimination to select the best fitting model among candidate models. A succinct relationship between the weighted sum of squared residuals and the previous one is revealed by a volume formula. For quick parameter estimation and determination of weighted sum of squared residuals, a recursive elimination algorithm is proposed in the context of Gaussian elimination. In order to improve the model selection efficiency, the parameter estimation and the determination of the weighted sum of squared residuals are carried out in parallel using the proposed recursive elimination algorithm in which the improvement at each recursive stage is judged by the Bayesian information criterion. Ultimately, the computational complexity and numerical stability of the recursive elimination proposed are briefly discussed, and a GNSS orbit interpolation example is used to verify the results. It shows that the proposed recursive elimination algorithm inherits the numerical stability of the Gaussian elimination, and this algorithm can be used to examine the gain from the newly introduced parameter, dynamically assess the fitting model, and fix the optimal model efficiently. The optimal fitting model with the lowest information is very close to the real situation verified by checkpoints.     

A new method for specular and diffuse pseudorange multipath error extraction using wavelet analysis

Multipath remains one of the major challenges in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning because it is considered the dominant source of ranging errors, which can be classified into specular and diffuse types. We present a new method using wavelets to extract the pseudorange multipath in the time domain and breaking it down into the two components. The main idea is an analysis-reconstruction approach based on application of both continuous wavelet transform (CWT) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT). The proposed procedure involves the use of L1 code-minus-carrier (CMC) observable where higher-frequency terms are isolated as residuals. CMC residuals are analyzed by applying the CWT, and we propose the scalogram as a technique for discerning time–frequency variations of the multipath signal. Unlike Fourier transform, the potential of the CWT scalogram for examining the non-stationary and multifrequency nature of the multipath is confirmed as it simultaneously allows fine detection and time localization of the most representative frequencies of the signal. This interpretation of the CWT scalogram is relevant when choosing the levels of reconstruction with DWT, allowing accurate time domain extraction of both the specular and diffuse multipath. The performance and robustness of the method and its boundary applicability are assessed. The experiment was carried out using a receiver of Campania GNSS Network. The results are given in which specular multipath error is achieved using DWT level 7 approximation component and diffuse multipath error is achieved using DWT level 6 denoised detail component.     

Optimization and Parametrical Investigation to Assess the Reconstitution of Different Types of Indian Sand Using Portable Travelling Pluviator

By using the air pluviation technique, it is aimed to achieve the desired relative density with uniform void ratio throughout the specimen in order to maintain the homogeneity and to avoid the spatial variability. Further, in order to achieve the maximum deposition intensity, a systematic optimization study has been carried out rigorously in a test tank to determine the diameter of the orifice to be employed for the sieve plates of different porosity and the number of sieve plates to be installed in the diffuser sieve sets. The study has been conducted with four different patterns of sieves with different porosity to achieve a wide range of relative densities for four different uniformly graded Indian sands. The dynamic penetrometer which is considered to be one of the cost effective instruments has been efficiently used to determine the soil resistance at various locations of the test tank for every given height of fall in order to check the uniformity of placement density throughout the sand bed. The study reveals that the sand beds of different relative densities could be achieved using different patterns of diffuser sieves at optimum sand flow rate without compromising the uniformity. The effect of height of fall as well as porosity of diffuser sieves on the relative density of different sands has been studied in detail. The deposition intensity and the relative density obtained from the present study are compared with the values available in the literature.     

Assessment and Prediction of Liquefaction Potential Using Different Artificial Neural Network Models: A Case Study

Soil liquefaction as a transformation of granular material from solid to liquid state is a type of ground failure commonly associated with moderate to large earthquakes and refers to the loss of strength in saturated, cohesionless soils due to the build-up of pore water pressures and reduction of the effective stress during dynamic loading. In this paper, assessment and prediction of liquefaction potential of soils subjected to earthquake using two different artificial neural network models based on mechanical and geotechnical related parameters (model A) and earthquake related parameters (model B) have been proposed. In model A the depth, unit weight, SPT-N value, shear wave velocity, soil type and fine contents and in model B the depth, stress reduction factor, cyclic stress ratio, cyclic resistance ratio, pore pressure, total and effective vertical stress were considered as network inputs. Among the numerous tested models, the 6-4-4-2-1 structure correspond to model A and 7-5-4-6-1 for model B due to minimum network root mean square errors were selected as optimized network architecture models in this study. The performance of the network models were controlled approved and evaluated using several statistical criteria, regression analysis as well as detailed comparison with known accepted procedures. The results represented that the model A satisfied almost all the employed criteria and showed better performance than model B. The sensitivity analysis in this study showed that depth, shear wave velocity and SPT-N value for model A and cyclic resistance ratio, cyclic stress ratio and effective vertical stress for model B are the three most effective parameters on liquefaction potential analysis. Moreover, the calculated absolute error for model A represented better performance than model B. The reasonable agreement of network output in comparison with the results from previously accepted methods indicate satisfactory network performance for prediction of liquefaction potential analysis.     

Identification of Greigite in the Pliocene Sediments of Qinghai Lake and Its Geological Significance

正Objective The Qinghai Lake in North China is the largest interior plateau lake in Central Asia,and is sensitive to climate change and the environmental effects of Tibetan Plateau uplift.An almost continuous 626 m long sediment core was drilled in an in-filled part of the southern lake basin in the Scientific Drilling at Qinghai Lake.Previous     

贵州沿河萤石矿稀土元素地球化学特征及成因探讨

为了研究沿河县萤石矿成因,主要针对研究区内具代表性的水田坝和丰水岭两个矿床地质特征进行研究,并运用等离子质谱(ICP-MS)对稀土元素进行了系统分析。研究结果表明,围岩的稀土总量、轻稀土和重稀土的含量远高于萤石矿石,但是萤石的稀土配分型式与围岩相似。根据Moller等(1976)的Tb/Ca_Tb/La关系图,结合矿体特征和区地质背景研究,认为该区萤石矿为热水(热卤水)再造沉积岩(或矿床)。     

贵州铜仁松桃锰矿国家整装勘查区地质找矿主要进展及潜力预测

贵州铜仁松桃锰矿国家整装勘查区位于扬子地块东南缘的武陵山成矿带。著名的南华纪大塘坡早期(660-667 Ma)"大塘坡式"锰矿,形成于Rodinia超大陆裂解背景下的南华裂谷盆地。近年来,项目团队在该国家整装勘查区及黔渝湘毗邻区,通过长期的产学研协同攻关,厘清了锰矿大规模成矿作用的独特地质背景和构造古地理格架,发现了新的锰矿床类型——古天然气渗漏沉积型锰矿床,建立锰矿裂谷盆地古天然气渗漏成矿理论和深部隐伏矿找矿预测模型,圈定了若干找矿靶区。通过该整装勘查区的实践检验,累计投入各类勘查资金6亿多元,先后新发现了松桃西溪堡(普觉)、松桃道坨、松桃高地和松桃桃子坪四个隐伏超大型锰矿床。该整装勘查区新发现的超大型锰矿床数,占全球已发现超大型锰矿床总数约三分之一。新发现的锰矿资源量,超过了2011年全国锰矿保有资源量的总和,实现了我国有史以来锰矿找矿的最大突破,且锰矿找矿潜力依然巨大。使黔东成为中国锰矿资源最丰富的地区和新的世界级锰矿资源富集区。古天然气渗漏沉积型锰矿床成为中国最重要的锰矿床类型,是继传统的海相沉积型、沉积变质型锰矿床类型之后,全球最重要的三大锰矿床类型之一。