QINGHAI-XIZANG SURFACE LONG-WAVE RADIATION PARAMETERIZATION WITH ITS CLIMATIC CALCULATION*

In the context of August 1982- July 1983 radiation balance data of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, detailed study is made of the relation between the active-surface temperature and surface temperature, proposing two parameterization schemes on surface long-wave radiation(SLWR)of the form U=kδσ(T₀+273)⁴ and U=δσ[(T₀+273)⁴+△T)]⁴, where k and △T are indicated by parameterization equations, separately, others being in conventional notation. Retrieved verification shows the two formulae to be of the same fitting accuracy with the mean relative error of 3.6% and suitable for computing instantaneous and mean flux density, alongside analyzed daily and annual variations of k and △T. Eventually. SLWR in the target area is investigated and its climatic characteristics examined.     

The role of anthropogenic activities in karst spring discharge volatility

The traditional hydrological time series methods tend to focus on the mean of whichever variable is analysed but neglect its time‐varying variance (i.e. assuming the variance remains constant). The variances of hydrological time series vary with time under anthropogenic influence. There is evidence that extensive well drilling and groundwater pumping can intercept groundwater run‐off and consequently induce spring discharge volatility or variance varying with time (i.e. heteroskedasticity). To investigate the time‐varying variance or heteroskedasticity of spring discharge, this paper presents a seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average with general autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (SARIMA‐GARCH) model, whose the SARIMA model is used to estimate the mean of hydrological time series, and the GARCH model estimates its time‐varying variance. The SARIMA‐GARCH model was then applied to the Xin'an Springs Basin, China, where extensive groundwater development has occurred since 1978 (e.g. the average annual groundwater pumping rates were less than 0.20 m³/s in the 1970s, reached 1.20 m³/s at the end of the 1980s, surpassed 2.0 m³/s in the 1990s and exceeded 3.0 m³/s by 2007). To identify whether human activities or natural stressors caused the heteroskedasticity of Xin'an Springs discharge, we segmented the spring discharge sequence into two periods: a predevelopment stage (i.e. 1956–1977) and a developed stage (i.e. 1978–2012), and set up the SARIMA‐GARCH model for the two stages, respectively. By comparing the models, we detected the role of human activities in spring discharge volatility. The results showed that human activities caused the heteroskedasticity of the Xin'an Spring discharge. The predicted Xin'an Springs discharge by the SARIMA‐GARCH model showed that the mean monthly spring discharge is predicted to continue to decline to 0.93 m³/s in 2013, 0.67 m³/s in 2014 and 0.73 m³/s in 2015. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Zonal displacement of western Pacific warm pool and zonal wind anomaly over the Pacific Ocean

The thermal condition anomaly of the western Pacific warm pool and its zonal displacement have very important influences on climate change in East Asia and even the whole world. However, the impact of the zonal wind anomaly over the Pacific Ocean on zonal displacement of the warm pool has not yet been analyzed based on long-term record. Therefore, it is important to study the zonal displacement of the warm pool and its response to the zonal wind anomaly over the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Based on the NCDC monthly averaged SST (sea surface temperature) data in 2°×2° grid in the Pacific Ocean from 1950 to 2000, and the NCEP/NCAR global monthly averaged 850 hPa zonal wind data from 1949 to 2000, the relationships between zonal displacements of the western Pacific warm pool and zonal wind anomalies over the tropical Pacific Ocean are analyzed in this paper. The results show that the zonal displacements are closely related to the zonal wind anomalies over the western, central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean. Composite analysis indicates that during ENSO events, the warm pool displacement was trigged by the zonal wind anomalies over the western equatorial Pacific Ocean in early stage and the process proceeded under the zonal wind anomalies over the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean unless the wind direction changes. Therefore, in addition to the zonal wind anomaly over the western Pacific, the zonal wind anomalies over the central and eastern Pacific Ocean should be considered also in investigation the dynamical mechanisms of the zonal displacement of the warm pool.     

滦河流域碳、水循环和能量平衡遥感综合试验总体设计

始于20世纪80年代的系列大型遥感试验开始系统研究地表物质和能量交换过程,对遥感与地球系统科学研究的结合起到重要作用,但是尚无综合利用多源遥感数据解决碳、水、能量循环问题的有效方案。遥感科学国家重点实验室于滦河上游地区组织开展基础性、多学科、多尺度的"碳、水循环和能量平衡遥感综合试验"。本次试验面向地球系统科学对遥感观测的最新要求,以遥感如何服务地—气过程研究为关键科学问题,开展星—机—地多尺度遥感综合观测和地面测量,论证中国自主设计的碳、水、能量相关卫星的技术指标,基于大场景真实结构模拟和多尺度综合观测构建虚拟遥感试验场,验证全波段遥感机理模型和复杂地表辐射传输机理。核心试验区位于地势较为平坦的闪电河流域和地形复杂的小滦河流域。闪电河流域主要地类为农田和草地,开展的试验以水循环和能量平衡遥感综合观测为主。小滦河流域主要地类为森林和草地,以碳循环遥感综合观测为主。两个试验区都开展了系统性的多架次飞行试验,并同步开展地面全波段、主被动协同观测。特别设计了一次长达165 km的大跨度飞行试验,横跨两个试验区,包含了地表类型和海拔高度的逐渐过渡。从2017年的预实验开始,整个试验为期5年。基于科学目标驱动、开放、协作、共享的原则,本次试验吸引了10个大型国家科研项目,4个卫星计划团队,19家单位200人次参加,是中国主导的又一次具有明确科学目标的大型多学科交叉遥感综合试验。     

平面四参数法坐标转换在圆形基坑变形监测中的应用

由于基坑工程的监测工作往往会受到开挖深度、设计形状等各方面因素的影响和制约,导致监测方法和手段也不能一成不变。基于虚拟断面法仅适用于比较规则的多边形基坑,本文结合珠海市横琴新区基坑工程实例,提出使用平面四参数坐标转换法在圆形基坑中对基坑立柱水平位移计算的应用。结果表明:使用平面四参数坐标转换法计算基坑水平位移时,既不受基坑形状的影响,也能更直观地反映出基坑水平位移的变形量。     

Detection and Correction of AMSR-E Radio-Frequency Interference

Radio-frequency interference (RFI) affects greatly the quality of the data and retrieval products from space-borne microwave radiometry. Analysis of the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer on the Earth Observing System (AMSR-E) Aqua satellite observations reveals very strong and widespread RFI contam- inations on the C- and X-band data. Fortunately, the strong and moderate RFI signals can be easily identified using an index on observed brightness temperature spectrum. It is the weak RFI that is diffi- cult to be separated from the nature surface emission. In this study, a new algorithm is proposed for RFI detection and correction. The simulated brightness temperature is used as a background signal (B) and a departure of the observation from the background (O-B) is utilized for detection of RFI. It is found that the O-B departure can result from either a natural event (e.g., precipitation or flooding) or an RFI signal. A separation between the nature event and RFI is further realized based on the scattering index (SI). A positive SI index and low brightness temperatures at high frequencies indicate precipitation. In the RFI correction, a relationship between AMSR-E measurements at 10.65 GHz and those at 18.7 or 6.925 GHz is first developed using the AMSR-E training data sets under RFI-free conditions. Contamination of AMSR-E measurements at 10.65 GHz is then predicted from the RFI-free measurements at 18.7 or 6.925 GHz using this relationship. It is shown that AMSR-E measurements with the RFI-correction algorithm have better agreement with simulations in a variety of surface conditions.     

Iron and phosphorus effects on the growth of Cryptomonas sp. (Cryptophyceae) and their availability in sediments from the Pearl River Estuary, China

Based on lab-culture experiments analyzing limitation and combination of iron and phosphorus on the growth of Cryptomonas sp. (Cryptophyceae), and the study of accumulation and release of Fe-bound P in sediment cores collected from the marine region of the Pearl River Estuary, China, reasons for the high frequency of phytoplankton bloom therein are discussed. Results show that the combined effect of Fe and P can obviously accelerate algal development, and the optimum culture conditions maintaining maximum growth rate are 0.05 μM Fe and 50 μM P. Cellular contents of Fe and P is consistent and the P:Fe molar ratio is 159:1. The optimum range of the P:Fe molar ratio in culture experiments for cell incubation is 500–1400. The vertical trends of total Fe and total P variations in sediments are parallel. Fe-bound P is the main species of inorganic sedimentary P. Through continuous leaching with agitation, 34–80% of exchangeable P and 4–23% of exchangeable Fe are concurrently released from the surficial sediments. This is a possible way by which nutrients are made available to phytoplankton. These factors might be responsible for a high frequency of harmful algal blooms in the Pearl River Estuary.     

海洋地球工程的研究进展与相关国际法探析

全球气候变化及其引发的负面影响是当今人类面临的最大挑战之一,地球工程因被认为是减缓甚至扭转气候变化的切实可行的方案之一而备受关注。为推动地球工程技术的发展和相关国际法的完善,文章分析海洋施肥、人工上升流、人工海洋碱化、海洋云增白和海底造墙5种海洋地球工程的技术原理、研究进展及其在具体实施中对现行国际法的挑战。研究结果表明:无论是处于理论模拟阶段还是处于实验阶段,上述海洋地球工程技术都显示其减缓气候变化的潜力,同时也存在对海洋环境和人类生活的潜在风险;由于科学的不确定性和国际法的模糊性,各项技术在实际应用中都存在与国际法的冲突或适用问题,但目前从科研实践角度分析具体技术涉及的相关国际法问题的研究较少;虽然应在国际法框架下进行探索性研究,然而目前有关地球工程技术的国际法在理论研究和实践应用中仍存在很多争议。因此,必须加强对地球工程技术的研究,将技术风险降到最低,并在科学探索中做好环境基线研究,完善技术探索的环境影响评估方法;随着旨在减缓气候变化的小规模地球工程研究得到越来越多的支持,更应明确地球工程技术在国际法中的地位,建立合理的法律框架,推进国际法的改进。     

涡流发生器对潮流能水轮机翼型水动力学特性影响的数值模拟

为了改善潮流能水轮机叶片表面流动分离问题,提高其升阻比,本文通过在潮流能水轮机叶片表面加装涡流发生器,来研究涡流发生器对潮流能水轮机水动力学性能的影响。本文以NACA4418翼型为研究对象,分别建立了含VGs和不含VGs的三维模型,利用CFD方法研究了VGs的高度、长度以及相邻一对VGs之间的间距等多个方面对该翼型性能的影响。结果表明:VGs可以有效地提高翼型的最大升力系数;相邻VGs间距的增加对流动分离的抑制有积极影响。此外,通过对尾迹区流线和旋涡的分析,进一步揭示了尾迹区的流场特征。     

Natural variability of summer rainfall over China in HadCM3

Summer rainfall over China has shown decadal variability in the past half century, which has resulted in major north–south shifts in rainfall with important implications for flooding and water resource management. This study has demonstrated how multi-century climate model simulations can be used to explore interdecadal natural variability in the climate system in order to address important questions around recent changes in Chinese summer rainfall, and whether or not anthropogenic climate change is playing a role. Using a 1,000-year simulation of HadCM3 with constant pre-industrial external forcing, the dominant modes of total and interdecadal natural variability in Chinese summer rainfall have been analysed. It has been shown that these modes are comparable in magnitude and in temporal and spatial characteristics to those observed in the latter part of the twentieth century. However, despite 1,000 years of model simulation it has not been possible to demonstrate that these modes are related to similar variations in the global circulation and surface temperature forcing occurring during the latter half of the twentieth century. This may be in part due to model biases. Consequently, recent changes in the spatial distribution of Chinese summer rainfall cannot be attributed solely to natural variability, nor has it been possible to eliminate the likelihood that anthropogenic climate change has been the driving factor. It is more likely that both play a role.