本溪53 a降水特征与水资源分析

利用本溪1953--2005年月平均气温、降水量资料,依据高桥浩一郎的陆面实际蒸发经验公式,计算出陆面蒸发、蒸发系数和可利用降水系数,得出本溪水资源的变化特征与降水变化特征基本相似。降水量年际变化大,季节分配不均,总体呈下降趋势;春季蒸发损失量大,是易出现干旱的季节;提出缓解和解决水资源缺乏的建议,人工影响天气增加降水量、开源节流节约用水、水污染治理和水土流失控制。     

河南省自动雨量监测网地市分中心系统

河南省自动雨量监测网地市分中心系统采用J2EE框架和B/S结构,由分中心雨量简明查询和区域自动站管理两部分组成.能够通过Web方式,实现自动雨量站实时和历史雨量的查询,自动雨量站、四要素自动站基本信息录入、修改、查询,设备维护管理及故障短信报警、暴雨短信报警等功能.     

一次雹暴的闪电特征和电荷结构演变研究

综合利用SAFIR3000三维闪电定位系统的全闪定位资料与雷达结合对2005年5月31日发生于北京的一次冰雹过程的闪电活动和电荷结构演变特征进行了综合分析.结果表明:该雷暴的闪电活动有两次活跃期,第一个活跃期产生了降雹,降雹结束后,闪电活动突然减少,之后的活跃期产生了更多的闪电,其中一部分处于云砧区.闪电活动峰值超前降雹5 min左右,闪电活动中的地闪仅占6.16%,但正地闪占总地闪的比例达20%,且降雹前的正地闪比例较降雹后要高·降雹发生后,正地闪很少发生.降雹阶段,参与放电的主要电荷区表现为反极性结构,-40℃左右区域为参与放电的主负电荷区,-15℃左右区域为参与放电的主正电荷区,在正电荷区之下,短暂存在一个较弱的负电荷区.降雹结束后,电荷结构经历了持续的快速调整过程,在第2次闪电活跃期,参与放电的主要区域表现为正常的三极性结构,即上正-中负-下正,受西风气流的影响,此三极性结构出现倾斜.动力和微物理过程的分析表明,闪电活动和电荷结构的特征与雷暴云内的动力、微物理过程紧密相关.文中对反极性电荷结构形成的可能机理进行了讨论,并且认为,具有强烈上升气流的灾害性天气可能更易形成反三极性的电荷结构,并在下部两个电衙区的作用下产生较多的正地闪.     

MJO与ENSO关系的研究进展

MJO是热带大气的强信号,ENSO是热带太平洋海气相互作用的最强信号,两者的时间空间尺度不同,但都对全球范围的大气活动有显著的影响,且两者之间也有着密切的关系。总结了近年来MJO和ENSO相互关系方面的研究,并在此基础上提出需要进一步研究的问题。     

L波段气象探测网运行监控系统设计

L波段气象探测网监控系统用来监视包括L波段探空设备与探空数据在内的全国高空气象探测网总体运行情况。基于L波段探空系统提供的监控信息与探空资料,结合业务运行经验与用户需求建立L波段高空气象探测网监控系统。运行结果表明:利用L波段高空监视系统,结合探空资料质量检查,能够及时发现探空系统存在的问题;高空监视系统有助于全面掌握全国探测网系统设备的运行状况,保障高空探测网稳定运行,提高气象探空数据质量,业务效果显著。但是在探空质量评估中也发现位势高度、温度以及风向与风速变化阈值存在控制过严的现象,需要加以改进,以避免虚警次数过多。     

Simultaneous optical and electrical observations on the initial processes of altitude-triggered negative lightning

Using a high-speed camera system and two electric field antenna systems, we have documented the initial processes of an altitude-triggered negative lightning (ATNL). The optical records clearly show that ATNL begins with the inception and propagation of an upward positive leader (UPL) and then a simultaneous propagation of UPL and downward negative leader (DNL), known as the bidirectional leader process, follows. Based on the optical records, it is inferred that (1) the triggering height is about 371 m; (2) the two-dimensional (2D) propagation speed of the UPL in its inception phase is about 3.8–5.5 × 10⁴ m s^− 1 during its propagation from about 393 to 452 m above the ground; (3) the grey levels of the DNL are about one order of magnitude higher than that of the UPL in their inception phase; (4) a discharge phenomenon propagating along the elevated triggering wire part of the lightning channel occurs after the mini-return stroke (MRS), with a 2D propagation speed of about 1.6–2.0 × 10⁵ m s^− 1. Combined with the simultaneous electric field change records, it is further inferred that (1) the UPL incepts about 932 μs earlier than the unstable DNL and about 4.1 ms earlier than the stable DNL; (2) the unstable DNL propagates downward intermittently three times with a time interval of about 1 ms, and each propagation contains a different number of steps with an average step length of about 7 m; (3) the stable DNL incepts at the tip of the unstable one, with a 2D propagation speed of about 1.9 × 10⁵ m s^− 1, an average step length of about 3 m, and a stepping time interval varying from 6 to 31 µs with a mean value of 15 µs.     

新疆谢米斯台地区中段火山岩岩石学、地球化学及其含矿性研究

新疆西准噶尔谢米斯台山地区位于西伯利亚板块与准噶尔板块之间的古生代萨吾尔—阿尔曼太复合岛弧内。该地区的火山岩以安山岩—英安岩—流纹岩组合为主,有少量的粗面岩产出。在地球化学特征上,火山岩SiO_2含量变化范围较大(53.91～75.71 wt%),K_2O/Na_2O比值为0.45～1.89,Al_2O_3含量较高(10.81～17.94 wt%),铁含量低(1.20～7.26 wt%),TiO_2含量低(0.19～1.78 wt%),大离子亲石元素及轻稀土元素富集,微量元素具岛弧火山岩特征;地球化学的特征以及在该地区发现的大量铜矿化,预示着该地区将是一个有利的成矿远景区。     

Eocene potassic and ultrapotassic volcanism in south Tibet: New constraints on mantle source characteristics and geodynamic processes

In the Yangbajing area, southern Tibet, several monogenic volcanoes were conformably superimposed on the Linzizong calc-alkaline volcanic successions. According to their petrologic and geochemical characteristics, these monogenic volcanoes are composed of three rock varieties: tephritic phonolitic plugs and shoshonitic and trachytic lavas. Their geochemical systematics reveals that low-pressure evolutionary processes in the large voluminous Linzizong calc-alkaline magmas were not responsible for the generation of these potassic–ultrapotassic rocks, but the significant change in petrologic and geochemical characteristics from the Linzizong calc-alkaline to potassic–ultrapotassic magma is likely accounted for the change of metasomatic agents in the southern Tibetan lithospheric mantle source during the Paleocene to Eocene. The tephritic phonolites containing both leucite and plagioclase show primary ultrapotassic character similar to that of Mediterranean plagioleucititic magmas. Radiogenic Sr increases with SiO₂ in the xenolith-bearing trachytes strongly suggesting significant crustal assimilation in the shoshonitic magmas. The Yangbajing ultrapotassic rocks have high K₂O and Al₂O₃, and show depletion of high field strength elements (HFSEs) with respect to large ion lithophile elements. In primitive mantle-normalized element diagrams, all samples are characterized by positive spikes at Th (U) and Pb with negative anomalies at Ba, Nb–Ta and Ti, reflecting the orogenic nature of the ultrapotassic rocks. They are characterized by highly radiogenic ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_(i) ratios (0.7061–0.7063) and unradiogenic ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd_(i) (0.5125), and Pb isotopic compositions (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 18.688–18.733, ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 15.613–15.637, and ²⁰⁸Pb/²⁰⁴Pb = 38.861–38.930) similar to the global subducting sediment. Strong enrichment of incompatible trace elements and high Th fractionation from the other HFSEs (such as Nb and U) clearly indicate that the Th-enriched sedimentary component in a network veined mantle source was mainly introduced by sediment-derived melts. In addition, the ultrapotassic rocks have significant Ce (Ce/Ce* = 0.77–0.84) and Eu (Eu/Eu* = 0.72–0.75) anomalies, suggesting a subduction sediment input into the southern Tibetan lithospheric mantle source. In contrast, high U/Th (> 0.20) and Ba/Th (> 32) and low Th/La (< 0.3) in the shoshonites indicate that the Eocene potassic magma originated from partial melting of the surrounding peridotite mantle pervasively affected by slab-related fluid addition from the dehydration of either the subducting oceanic crust or the sediment. Thus, at least two different subduction-related metasomatic agents re-fertilized the upper mantle. According to the radiometric ages and spatial distribution, the Gangdese magmatic association shows a temporal succession from the Linzizong calc-alkaline to ultrapotassic magmas. This indicates a late arrival of recycled sediments within the Tibetan lithospheric mantle wedge. The most diagnostic signatures for the involvement of continent-derived materials are the super-chondritic Zr/Hf (45.5–49.2) and elevated Hf/Sm values (0.81–0.91) in the ultrapotassic rocks. Therefore, the occurrence of orogenic magmatism in the Gangdese belt likely represents the volcanic expression of the onset of the India–Asia collision, preceding the 10 Ma Neo-Tethyan slab break-off process at 42–40 Ma. The absence of residual garnet in the mantle source for the ultrapotassic volcanism seems to imply that the southern Tibetan lithosphere was not been remarkably thickened until the Eocene (～ 50 Ma).     

地下水安全开采量的概念与评价方法研究

本文回顾了地下水安全开采量概念的产生与发展过程,综述了可持续开采量、允许开采量和安全开采量的内涵与差异,在此基础上,提出满足地下水的资源供给、生态环境维持、地质环境稳定和可持续开发利用能力4个功能条件下的地下水安全开采量概念.将安全开采量的评价方法分为单一约束型和耦合约束型两大类,提出一种基于水均衡和地下水动力学相结合的评价方法,并对安全开采量研究趋势进行了展望,为地下水的安全开采方案研究与动态管理提供技术支撑.     

WD+MS systems as the progenitor of SNe Ia

The single-degenerate (SD) channel for the progenitors of type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) is one of the most popular channels, in which a carbon–oxygen white dwarf (CO WD) accretes hydrogen-rich material from its companion, increases its mass to the Chandrasekhar mass limit, and then explodes as a SN Ia. We show the initial and final parameter space for SNe Ia in a ( $\log P^{\mathrm{i}},M_{2}^{\mathrm{i}}$ ) plane and find that the positions of some famous recurrent novae, as well as a supersoft X-ray source (SSS), RX J0513.9-6951, are well explained by our model. The model can also explain the space velocity and mass of Tycho G, which is now suggested to be the companion star of Tycho’s supernova. Our study indicates that the SSS, V Sge, might be the potential progenitor of supernovae like SN 2002ic if the delayed dynamical-instability model due to Han and Podsiadlowski (Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 368:1095, 2006) is appropriate. Following the work of Meng et al. (Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 395:2103, 2009a), we found that the SD model (WD+MS) with an optically thick wind can explain the birth rate of supernovae like SN 2006X and reproduce the distribution of the color excess of SNe Ia. The model also predicts that at least 75% of all SNe Ia may show a polarization signal in their spectra.