Geographical distribution of ecological footprint and sustainability analysis for Liaoning Province

This paper presents the detailed results and analyses on the ecological footprints and bio-capacities of the individual cities and the province as a whole for the year 2001, providing a clear picture of sustainability for the province. Results show that the ecological footprints of most cities in Liaoning exceeded their respective bio-capacities, incurring high ecological deficits. The ecological deficit of the province as a whole was 1.31 ha/cap. Those cities with resources extraction and/or primary material-making as their major industries constitute the "ecologically black band", whose ecological deficits ranged from 2.45 to 5.23 ha/cap, the highest of all cities in the province. Fossil energy consumption was the major source of footprint amounting to 1.63 ha/cap at the provincial level, taking up 67.3% of the total. For cropland, modest ecological surpluses occurred in Jinzhou, Tieling, Huludao, and Panjin while modest ecological deficits in Dalian, Benxi, Fushun, and Dandong, resulting in an overall surplus for the province. Liaoning had a certain level of surplus in fishing ground (water area), mainly distributed in the coastal cities of Dalian, Panjin, Huludao, Yingkou, Jinzhou, and Dandong. Most cities had a small ecological deficit in pasture and all had a small ecological surplus in forest. The eco-efficiency, expressed as GDP value per hectare of footprint, exhibits high variations among the cities, with the highest (Shenyang) more than 10 times the lowest (Fuxin). Cities with manufacture, high-tech, and better developed service industries had high eco-efficiency, while those with resources extraction, primary material-making, and less developed service industries had low eco-efficiency. Based on the components and geographical distribution of ecological footprint, strategic policy implications are outlined for Liaoning's development toward a sustainable future.     

Parameterization of the Absorption of the H_2O Continuum,CO_2,O_2,and Other Trace Gases in the Fu-Liou Solar Radiation Program

The absorption properties of the water vapor continuum and a number of weak bands for H2O, O2, CO2, CO, N2O, CH4, and O3 in the solar spectrum are incorporated into the Fu-Liou radiation parameterization program by using the correlated k-distribution method (CKD) for the sorting of absorption lines. The overlap absorption of the H2O lines and the H2O continuum (2500-14500 cm-1) are treated by taking the two gases as a single-mixture gas in transmittance calculations. Furthermore, in order to optimize the computation efforts, CO2 and CH4 in the spectral region 2850-5250 cm-1 are taken as a new single-mixture gas as well. For overlap involving other absorption lines in the Fu-Liou spectral bands, the authors adopt the multiplication rule for transmittance computations under which the absorption spectra for two gases are assumed to be uncorrelated. Compared to the line-by-line (LBL) computation, it is shown that the errors in fluxes introduced by these two approaches within the context of the CKD method are small and less than 0.48% for the H2O line and continuum in the 2500-14500 cm-1 solar spectral region, -1% for H2O (line) H2O (continuum) CO2 CH4 in the spectral region 2850-5250 cm-1, and -1.5% for H2O (line) H2O (continuum) O2 in the 7700-14500 cm-1 spectral region. Analysis also demonstrates that the multiplication rule over a spectral interval as wide as 6800 cm-1 can produce acceptable errors with a maximum percentage value of about 2% in reference to the LBL calculation. Addition of the preceding gases increases the absorption of solar radiation under all sky conditions. For clear sky, the increase in instantaneous solar absorption is about 9%-13% (~12 W m~2) among which the H2O continuum produces the largest increase, while the contributions from O2 and CO2 rank second and third, respectively. In cloudy sky, the addition of absorption amounts to about 6-9 W m-2. The new, improved program with the incorporation of the preceding gases produces a smaller solar absorption in clouds due to the reduced solar flux reaching the cloud top.     

震群精定位问题讨论

本文利用一组高精度数字记录台站在新西兰北岛附近观测得到的一个地震群资料,选用合适的地壳结构,合理控制造成误差的因素,应用偏振技术提高地震波震相判定的分辨率,最后反演计算获得震源的定位解.虽然这个震群仅发生在15 km长的小条形区域内,由于较高的定位精度,能较清晰地反映出火山地区地震活动的特点,尤其是深度分布图像表现了一种非任意性.     

Geochemical Information Indicating the Water Recharge to Lakes and Immovable Megadunes in the Badain Jaran Desert

1 Introduction The Badain Jaran Desert, located in western Inner Mongolia, China, has a unique landscape containing 144 lakes (72 of which are still watery) with a total water area of about 23 km2, and the world’s highest stationary sand dunes with a height between 200 m and 500 m. Much attention has been paid to the water recharge of the desert in the past decade. Investigations on the resources of water system there have been performed continuously since the early 1990s, which lead to th…     

古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮的分布特征

新疆古尔班通古特沙漠是我国最大的固定和半固定沙漠，其间广泛发育着以地衣植物为主的生物结皮，是除种子植物以外的固定沙面的重要生物因子。研究表明，选择适当的时段，应用遥感技术并结合地面调查来研究沙漠生物结皮的空间分布格局是可行的，遥感制图与地面调查的结果基本一致。该沙漠南部是生物结皮最为丰富的区域，各种类型的生物结皮均有充分发育，呈连续分布，但其分布模式向北、向西和向东变得破碎。通过统计生物结皮像元的面积，得到生物结皮覆盖率超过33％的像元面积占研究区总面积的28．7％。生物结皮的分布对地貌部位有较强的选择性，生物结皮的不同发育阶段种类组成亦有较大的差别。     

联合GPS和GRACE数据分析陕甘宁地区地表垂直形变

采用甘肃省CORS网和中国大陆构造环境监测网络中共48个台站的GPS观测数据，解算得到观测台站的垂直位移，并与GRACE时变重力场Mascon模型解CSR RL05M数据计算得到的垂直形变进行比较，分析区域地表垂直形变特征。结果表明，研究区内台站垂直形变存在局部特征，甘肃庆阳和平凉地区垂直形变与其他地区存在明显差异，相关系数、均方根减少量和周年信号减少量均高于其他地区；扣除趋势项后，观测台站GPS垂直位移与GRACE垂直形变时间序列相关系数均值为0.72，GPS和GRACE周年信号振幅均值分别为6.00 mm和3.70 mm，周年信号减少量和均方根误差减少量均值分别为0.51和0.29；研究区内GPS垂直位移和GRACE垂直形变时间序列一致性较强，GRACE垂直形变能有效解释50%以上的GPS垂直位移周年信号，GPS垂直位移时间序列包含的非构造形变中平均约29%来源于环境负载变化所引起的负荷形变。     

自适应高程分级的城区DSM晕渲方法

在对传统的分层设色晕渲理论应用于城区DSM的可视化技术进行充分研究的基础上,提出了一种基于高程直方图的自适应高程分级方法。该方法通过高程直方图研究城区地形、地物的高程分布及变化特征,自适应建立高程带分级模型。实验表明,提出的晕渲图制作方法兼顾了地貌形态和地物特征的表达,成果色彩过渡自然,层次清晰,地形、地物区分明显,有较强的艺术性和实用价值。     

土壤样品镉同位素分析中Cd与Sn有效分离方法的改进

保证Cd的高回收率以及彻底的Sn干扰去除是获得精确镉同位素组成的前提,目前报道的多种Cd分离与纯化方法获得的Cd回收率有较大差异(42.6%~99.8%),且去除Sn干扰的效果也不同(去除率在87.8%~97.4%之间),Cd回收率和Sn去除率均不理想。本文对前人报道的分离方法进行对比实验,发现0.1 mol/L氢溴酸-0.5 mol/L硝酸是分离Cd和Sn的有效试剂,增加该组混合酸的用量可淋洗出样品中更多的Sn且不会损失Cd,当混合酸的淋洗用量增加至30 mL时,Sn的淋洗率达到99.8%以上,Cd的回收率亦达到99.0%±0.5%,可满足土壤样品镉同位素的测定要求。本工作为获得高精度的镉同位素组成奠定了基础,为研究土壤环境中镉的污染来源提供了技术手段。     

大兴安岭北段东坡中北部小莫尔可地区 中生代火山岩成因及其地质意义

大兴安岭地区是一个经历了古亚洲洋、蒙古-鄂霍茨克洋闭合和环太平洋构造体系叠加复合构造区,以其发育规模巨大、结构复杂的陆相火山岩带和花岗岩带以及有色、贵金属矿床备受国内外地质学家广泛关注和研究(Wu, et al.,2006;白令安,2013;Sun J G,2013;Xu,et al.,2013;苟军,2013)。目前,虽然该区在中生代陆相火山岩的成因、形成的构造背景已取得了较大进展;但是,由于大兴安岭地区火山作用复杂,自然地理、交通条件较差,尚有大面积空白区未开展过系统的1：50000区域地质矿产调查和科研工作;近期我们课题组在开展大兴安岭东坡花岗岩带北部1：50000小鄂尔贝尔汗（M51E012016）和小莫尔可（M51E011016）幅区域地质矿产调查过程中,将地质矿产调查与科研相结合,对侵入喷发在花岗岩岩体之间陆相火山岩进行了岩石地层厘定和岩相学、元素地球化学、年代学以及Hf同位素研究,以期为整体揭示大兴安岭火山岩的源区性质及其演化规律提供科学依据,并从成矿元素地球化学角度来约束成矿物质来源,并结合区域成矿作用探讨区域找矿意义。     

2015年汛期气候预测先兆信号的综合分析

文章全面回顾了发布2015年汛期预测时考虑的先兆信号及其应用情况。2015年春夏季厄尔尼诺事件进一步发展,并由中部型向东部型转变,热带印度洋为一致偏暖模态发展;冬、春季北大西洋三极子为正位相;冬、春季北极海冰较常年略偏少,南极海冰偏多;冬季欧亚积雪增量略少,青藏高原积雪略多但气温偏高。通过诊断分析,认为2015年汛期预测的主导外强迫信号是太平洋厄尔尼诺事件和印度洋海温一致偏暖模态。同时参考动力气候模式的预测,在4月初的预报中,重点考虑了厄尔尼诺事件的强度和空间型变化对东亚夏季风环流的影响,有利于东亚夏季风偏弱,西太平洋副热带高压偏强偏西,季风季节内进程偏晚,我国降水呈南多北少型。在5月底的订正预报中,进一步考虑热带印度洋偏暖模态对副热带高压偏强偏西偏南的影响,以及南半球越赤道气流强度偏弱特征及对夏季风季节进程和强度的影响。经过综合分析,准确地预测了2015年东亚夏季风偏弱、我国夏季降水南多北少的布局,以及季节内主要气候事件的演变。最后对汛期气候预测存在的不足进行了初步分析和讨论。