大气模式中季节内振荡特征对不同海温强迫场的响应

利用美国国家大气研究中心 (NCAR)的全球大气模式 (CCM3) ,分别以月平均和周平均海表温度 (SST)为强迫场进行 2个积分试验 (称为 CCMM和 CCMW试验 )。积分结果与观测资料的对比分析发现 ,CCM3模拟大气季节内振荡 (MJO)信号的强度均较观测资料偏弱 ,而其中以CCMW模拟的强度略大而较接近真实。表明 SST强迫场包含更真实的季节内变化信息对提高模拟 MJO强度有作用。 CCMM与 CCMW模拟 MJO活动的时间位相均与观测差别较大 ,直接原因在于 CCM3中降水季节内振荡与 SST变化的相关关系不正确 ,而更根本的问题在于大气模式无法反映资料分析发现的季节内时间尺度的 SST与大气的相互作用。     

Different levels of mussel (Mytilus edulis) DNA strand breaks following chronic field and acute laboratory exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) including benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) were at least seven-fold higher in mussels sampled from a polluted site (Loch Leven, in Scotland, UK) compared to a nearby clean reference site (Loch Etive) throughout the year 2000. Levels of DNA strand breaks (alkaline COMET assay) using both gill and digestive gland nuclei were similar at both sites despite the difference in contaminant load (total PAH). In contrast, mussels collected from a reference site (Port Quin, Cornwall, UK) had an increase in DNA strand breaks in digestive gland cells following laboratory exposure to B[a]P-dosed Isochrysis galbana. However, after 14 days high dose (20 ppb-exposed diet) animals had returned to levels similar to the controls. There was no evidence of increased necrosis or apoptosis after treatments. The results from these two studies suggest that an adaptive response may prevent ongoing DNA damage in mussels exposed to high levels of B[a]P and PAH contamination.     

东北季风与南海海洋环流的相互作用

针对冬、春季南海区风场，表层海流、海温场的季节变化，选用了２＾１／３层海洋模式和简单一层大气边界层模式，研究了冬、春季我作用下南海上层海洋环流的基本形态及其对ＳＳＴ的影响，估算了这种影响对海南风场的反馈效应。研究结果表明，冬、春季东北 与南海五流的相互作用对吕宋岛西部海域的气旋式冷涡的形成和维持有利。冬季（１月）强东北风作用使南海上层为一气旋式环流，上层环流对季风的反馈作用可使南海西北部东北风减弱     

Implications from a field study regarding the relationship between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and glutathione S-transferase activity in mussels

An aluminium smelter on the west coast of Scotland discharges an aqueous effluent containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at the head of Loch Leven. The loch also supports two mussel (Mytilus edulis) farms. Data are presented on burdens of PAHs in the soft tissues of mussels and the effect of these contaminants on glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in mussel hepatopancreas. GST activity is shown to be correlated with total PAH burden and also with the concentrations of certain individual PAHs. These field data show that high molecular weight PAHs are closely correlated to GST activity, whereas low molecular weight PAHs are not. This suggests that 5- and 6-ring PAHs have a more pronounced role than 2- to 4-ring compounds in inducing GST activity in mussels from Loch Leven. It is proposed that it may be more appropriate to link GST activity with 5- and 6-ring compounds only, rather than with the total PAH burden.     

建设信息服务平台 推动测绘文化建设：《中国测绘》杂志理事会2008年年会暨测绘文化建设创新论坛举行

《中国测绘》杂志理事会2008年年会暨“测绘文化建设创新论坛”日前在西藏林芝举行,来自全国测绘行业的80余名理事或特邀代表出席了会议。     

The photochemistry of manganese and the origin of Banded Iron Formations

The photochemical oxidation of Fe(2+) -hydroxide complexes dissolved in anoxic Precambrian oceans has been suggested as a mechanism to explain the deposition of Banded Iron Formations (BIFs). Photochemical studies have not yet addressed the low levels of manganese in many of these deposits, which probably precipitated from solutions bearing similar concentrations of Fe2+ and Mn2+. Depositional models must also explain the stratigraphic separation of iron and manganese ores in manganiferous BIFs. In this study, solutions containing 0.56 M NaCl and approximately 180 micromoles MnCl2 with or without 3 to 200 micromoles FeCl2 were irradiated with filtered and unfiltered UV light from a medium-pressure mercury-vapor lamp for up to 8 hours. The solutions were deaerated and buffered to pH approximately 7, and all experiments were conducted under O2-free (< 1 ppm) atmospheres. In experiments with NaCl + MnCl2, approximately 20% of the Mn2+ was oxidized and precipitated as birnessite in 8 hours. Manganese precipitation was only observed when light with lambda < 240 nm was used. In experiments with NaCl + MnCl2 + FeCl2, little manganese was lost from solution, while Fe2+ was rapidly oxidized to Fe3+ and precipitated as gamma-FeOOH or as amorphous ferric hydroxide. The Mn:Fe ratio of these precipitates was approximately 1:50, similar to the ratios observed in BIFs. A strong upper limit on the rate of manganese photo-oxidation during the Precambrian is estimated to be 0.1 mg cm-2 yr-1, a factor of 10(3) slower than the rate of iron photo-oxidation considered reasonable in BIF depositional basins. Thus, a photochemical model for the origin of oxide facies BIFs is consistent with field observations, although models that invoke molecular O2 as the oxidant of Fe2+ and Mn2+ are not precluded. Apparently, oxide facies BIFs could have formed under anoxic, as well as under mildly oxygenated atmospheres.     

黔南州不同雨量观测精度与降水特征值的对比分析

将水文站的虹吸式雨量计全部替换为无人值守的翻斗式遥测雨量计,极大地缩短了降水信息传播时间,但由于翻斗式遥测雨量计分辨率(0.5mm)与虹吸式雨量计分辨率(0.1mm)不同,其观测资料的一致性将受到影响。通过对贵州省黔南州三个水文站各种时段不同观测精度降水特征值的对比,定量分析了其误差范围,可为水文资料的一致性分析提供参考。     

利用邻域特征点相关性的点云配准算法

针对经典ICP进行点云配准容易陷入局部最优且处理时间长、精度低的问题,本文提出一种利用邻域提取特征点进行配准的优化算法。首先,通过邻域特征计算法向量和曲率特征从待匹配数据中选取特征点,通过特征点匹配得到配准平移和旋转参数,并利用配准参数对待匹配数据进行初始配准,然后,通过ICP算法对数据进行精细配准。试验证明,在利用特征点进行初始配准的基础上,解决了经典ICP算法容易陷入局部最优的问题,且具有良好的配准精度和运行效率。     

基于水文气象要素的淮北平原夏玉米蒸散灰色模型研究

准确预测作物蒸散量对制定精准的灌溉制度和提高水分利用率至关重要。为进一步研究识别气象要素对作物蒸散的影响,本文采用五道沟水文实验站大型称重式蒸渗仪实测资料及气象资料,利用灰色关联法分析了玉米蒸散量与14个水文气象要素间的关联度,建立12个不同影响因素组合下的GM(1,n)逐日蒸散量预测模型。结果表明:淮北平原夏玉米蒸散量与各影响因素的灰色关联度从大到小排序依次为:水汽压力差日最高气温地温100cm地温30cm地温10cm地温50cm日平均气温相对湿度绝对湿度叶面积指数饱和差日最低气温日照时数风速;不同影响因素组合下的建模结果表明输入要素个数为4～8时,模型预测精度均合格,后验差比值均小于0.45,小误差概率均大于0.8,可用于蒸散预测。采用GM(1,7)模型时,模型精度最高。     

江淮丘陵区典型农业小流域磷素输出时程变化特征

以安徽省滁州市花山流域为例,开展水量与地表径流磷素浓度同步监测,研究了江淮丘陵区典型农业小流域总磷浓度和输出负荷的时程变化特征和不同连续天数最大输出负荷占全年负荷的比例特征。研究结果表明:花山流域总磷浓度年内变化对于降雨径流过程存在响应关系,年内总磷浓度汛期普遍高于非汛期;流域总磷输出负荷在年中呈现脉冲式输出特点,且输出主要集中在夏季汛期的雨洪时段,在不到全年10%的时段内,花山流域的总磷输出负荷占到全年输出负荷的50%以上。