0509号台风(Matsa)登陆螺旋云带的增幅及其台前飑线的特征研究

利用FY-2C卫星、Doppler雷达、风廓线和加密自动站等资料,对0509号台风"Matsa"(以下简称Matsa)螺旋云带登陆过程中云、回波、风雨等时空分布特征量进行了深入的研究,对螺旋云带、飑线风雨增幅进行了定量分析.结果表明:Matsa先后有6条外、内对流螺旋云带登陆并影响中国大陆,对流螺旋云带登陆过程中增幅显著,云顶最低亮温平均下降20.2℃,螺旋云带登陆至减弱维持时间12.8 h,登陆间隔8.6 h.外螺旋云带登陆时风速增幅2.0 m/s,最大增幅4.1 m/s.同时可带来平均19 mm、最大75 mm的降水量.内螺旋云带登陆时风速增幅4.2 m/s,最大增幅9.0 m/S,最大瞬时风速达30.2 m/s,同时可带来139.6-174.2 mm、最大396 mm,1 h最大降水59.8 mm.对流螺旋云带在登陆过程中,在其前沿部位不断有台前飑线向外分离,台前飑线的回波宽度一般在5 km左右,回波梯度特大,长度从几十公里到几百公里不等,登陆时回波增幅5-10 dBz.台前飑线的移动方向与台风移动方向基本一致,移动平均46 km/h,是同时刻台风时速的2.5倍.台前飑线的形成特点为先出现双链或多链小弧弓形回波,在登陆中演绎成大弧.在速度图上,台前飑线中分布着倒V型或S型零速度线.在地面小尺度风场上,表现出具有东南与东北风向辐合线,切变辐合甚至涡旋扰动的特征非常显著.飑线过境时,风向扰动47-135°,风速增大1倍以上,地面瞬时风速平均增幅为4 m/s,最大可达10 m/s.瞬时极大风速26.4 m/s,同时可带来6.9-29.1 mm、最大90 mm的降水量.500 m以上的风速比近地面大1倍,大风区厚度可伸展至对流层上部.     

下雨还是下雪?

入冬以后,我国北方广大地区常会出现万里雪飘的北国风光。谚语说:“瑞雪兆丰年”,冬季降雪对于北方的冬小麦是有好处的。但下雪也有不利的一面,如过早的下雪,会使晚秋作物、蔬菜等遭受冻害;牧区的暴风雪,还会吹散或埋住畜群;特别严寒的年份,在华南地区的大雪还会使热带作物遇到严重冻害。因此,在冬季作好降雪预报,对于国民经济和国防建设,以致人民的生活,都有十分密切的关系。     

扬子北缘还是华北东南缘：胶东新元古代花岗片麻岩构造归属新议

苏鲁超高压变质带广泛发育新元古代花岗片麻岩，这些新元古代花岗片麻岩通常被认为与扬子克拉通具有亲缘性。本文基于新的调查资料，综合前人研究成果，提出新元古代花岗岩是华北克拉通新元古代时期大陆裂解产物、并在三叠纪华南与华北碰撞造山期间作为华北板块大陆边缘南向深俯冲的新认识。主要依据如下：① 新元古代花岗岩与华北克拉通胶北地块为侵入接触关系，五莲- 即墨- 牟平断裂带并非北苏鲁超高压变质带与胶北地块的初始接触界线；② 新元古代花岗片麻岩中有大量胶北地块的古老地壳物质，记录了～1. 85 Ga的华北克拉通化变质事件；③ 胶北地块上晚侏罗世花岗岩中存在大量新元古代继承锆石，但缺少三叠纪的弧岩浆记录；④ 胶北地块东南缘存在三叠纪角闪岩相变质作用证据，指示胶北地块三叠纪的俯冲作用；⑤ 区域地球物理信息指示北苏鲁超高压变质带深部地壳属于华北克拉通和北东东向构造线方向。新的认识将有助于对华北克拉通新元古代构造演化和大别- 苏鲁造山带形成过程的重新认识，为胶东中生代金成矿作用提供新视野。     

测边网在特大型桥梁施工控制测量中的应用

本文介绍海隆特大桥施工控制测量中采用测边网的经验和体会，认为测边网控制范围大、使用方便、效率高，易于达到设计的精度要求，非常适合大桥施工控制测量，应予推广。     

Analysis of a Group of Weak Small-Scale Vortexes in the Planetary Boundary Layer in the Mei-yu Front

A mei-yu front process in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River on 23 June 1999 was simulated by using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University-NCAR （PSU/NCAR） Mesoscale Model （MM5） with FDDA （Four Dimension Data Assimilation）. The analysis shows that seven weak small mesoscale vortexes of tens of kilometers, correspondent to surface low trough or mesoscale centers, in the planetary boundary layer （PBL） in the mei-yu front were heavily responsible for the heavy rainfall. Sometimes, several weak small-scale vortexes in the PBL could form a vortex group, some of which would weaken locally, and some would develop to be a meso-α-scale low vortex through combination. The initial dynamical triggering mechanism was related to two strong currents： one was the northeast flow in the PBL at the rear of the mei-yu front, the vortexes occurred exactly at the side of the northeast flow; and the other was the strong southwest low-level jet （LLJ） in front of the Mei-yu front, which moved to the upper of the vortexes. Consequently, there were notable horizontal and vertical wind shears to form positive vorticity in the center of the southwest LLJ. The development of mesoscale convergence in the PBL and divergence above, as well as the vertical positive vorticity column, were related to the small wind column above the nose-shaped velocity contours of the northeast flow embedding southwestward in the PBL, which intensified the horizontal wind shear and the positive vorticity column above the vortexes, baroclinicity and instability.     

Regime shift in Lake Dianchi(China) during the last 50 years

Lake Dianchi has undergone accelerated alternations resulting from human activities during the last 50 years, and provides an exceptional example for the study of regime shift in a shallow lake. Focusing on regime shift, we systematically studied and analysed alternations of key components of its ecosystem, including water parameters, phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass, macrophyte composition and fish populations. We found that the shifting course of Lake Dianchi went through three major phases, corresponding to three distinct states: Phase I clean, stable state during the 1950 s; Phase II transitional state during the 1970 s–1980 s; and phase III stable, turbid state since 1993. We analysed all data and samples, identifying the threshold concentrations at which regime shift occurred: total nitrogen(TN) and phosphorus(TP) reaching 1.2 mg/L and 0.13 mg/L, respectively. Results from this study strongly suggest that the increasing input of external nutrients, reclaiming land from the lake and foreign fish invasion were major inducements to the accelerated shift of Lake Dianchi to its turbid, stable state. These findings provide valuable guidelines for potential efforts to reverse this unnatural process in Lake Dianchi. The restoration may need to:(1) thoroughly and accurately identify pollution sources to control and reduce excessive external nutrients flowing into the lake;(2) return reclaimed land to the lake and recover the littoral zone to its natural state to facilitate increased restoration of macrophytes; and(3) strategically adjust fish populations by reducing benthivorous and filter-feeding fish populations that prey on zooplankton, while enlarging zooplankton populations to control phytoplankton biomass.     

三维激光扫描技术在异形建筑竣工测量中的应用

全站仪、GNSS接收机等传统测绘仪器为单点测量模式,其对异形建筑进行竣工测量难以全面反映不规则曲线的空间变化情况。本文以青岛市世园会主题馆为例,提出了以三维激光扫描仪作为异形建筑竣工测量数据采集设备,经过内业处理将外业不同测站采集的点云数据在当地绝对坐标系下进行拼接,并根据规划竣工验收需要提取指定剖面的线划图,该方法不仅可全面反映异形建筑的空间形态,还可对三维点云数据进行建模,制作三维漫游场景等形式辅助规划竣工验收。     

新疆库车河地区三叠－侏罗系干酪根显微组分与古环境及古气候

根据库车河剖面三叠－侏罗系干酪根显微组分的分布特点，将干酪根显微组分划分为５种组合和12种亚组合，结合沉积特征等资料推测每一种亚组合所对应的沉积环境。根据孢粉化石母体植物的生态习性推测三叠－侏罗系沉积时期古气候的变化规律是：由半干旱（俄霍布拉克组）→半潮湿（克拉玛依组下段）→潮湿（克拉玛依组上段－克孜勒努尔组下段）→半干旱、半潮湿（克孜勒努尔组上段－恰克马克组）→半干旱（齐古组、喀拉扎组）；由热带、亚热带型气候（俄霍布拉克组－塔里奇克组）→亚热带－暖温带型气候（阿合组－克孜勒努尔组）→亚热带型气候（恰克马克组－喀拉扎组）。根据干酪根显微组分、沉积特征等资料推测俄霍布拉克组、克拉玛依组上部标志层段、黄山街组二－四段中、下部、阳霞组上部标志层段和恰克马克组为该区三叠－侏罗纪五个主要的湖泊（滨浅湖、半深湖－深湖）发育期；齐古组为洪泛湖泊发育期；塔里奇克组、阳霞组下段和克孜勒努尔组为三个主要的沼泽（以河沼为主，如岸后沼泽、分流间沼泽等）发育期。     

黄海秋季大型底栖甲壳类多样性及群落结构的初步研究

基于2014年秋季（11月）在黄海海域所获取的大型底栖动物及环境数据,研究了黄海海域大型底栖甲壳类动物的种类组成、丰度、生物量、多样性以及群落结构特征等。调查海域共发现71种大型底栖甲壳类动物,隶属于32科45属,其平均丰度和生物量分别为278inds./m2和2.33g/m2。IRI值最高的物种为太平洋方甲涟虫Eudorella pacifica。在23%的相似度水平上,可以将大型底栖甲壳类划分为六个群落。Pearson相关性结果显示,太平洋方甲涟虫Eudorella pacifica丰度与水深呈极显著正相关,与底盐呈显著正相关,与底温呈显著负相关。大型底栖甲壳类动物的物种数占比在黄海大型底栖动物类群组成中变化不大,都在30%左右。BOPA指数表明,调查海域底栖生态环境整体良好,仅黄海中部和南部部分站位可能存在中度扰动;BOPA指数能较好地评价研究海域的环境质量状况。     

新疆准噶尔盆地和塔里木盆地二叠纪孢粉组合的比较及其植物区系和地层意义

根据二十年来积累的准噶尔和塔里木盆地二叠纪孢粉组合序列资料 ,结合其他动植物化石证据 ,初步做了两地二叠纪孢粉生物地层对比 ,并讨论了植物区系性质 ,指出准噶尔盆地在晚石炭世早期已属亚安加拉区 ,塔里木盆地在早二叠世虽总体上属欧美区 ,但已混生若干安加拉—亚安加拉成分 ,中、晚二叠世基本上已属亚安加拉区。孢粉证据支持准噶尔板块在早石炭世已与哈萨克斯坦板块—西伯利亚板块对接、塔里木板块在早二叠世与准噶尔板块对接的假说。二叠纪时 ,两地处于亚热带—暖温带 (4 0°N以南 ) ,气候总体上为半干旱气候 ,但干旱程度并不严酷 ,局部地区或层位偶尔还形成薄煤层或煤线 ,准噶尔盆地还有干湿的周期性变化和年度的季节变化