青藏高原对亚洲夏季风爆发位置及强度的影响

通过数值模拟,研究了青藏高原位于不同经度位置时,亚洲夏季风的爆发和演变情况,从动力和热力学角度分析了青藏高原大地形对亚洲夏季风爆发位置的影响。结果表明,青藏高原的“热力滑轮”作用引起:高原东南面热带陆地上空的偏南气流加强,降水增加,凝结潜热加强;高原西南面热带陆地上空出现偏北气流,降水减弱,陆面的感热加热加强。青藏高原对于亚洲夏季风的爆发地点有锚定的作用,在热带海陆分布的背景下,使亚洲夏季风首先在高原东南面的海洋东岸—陆地西岸爆发,并使亚洲季风降水重新分布。     

非绝热条件下的波流相互作用与大气能量循环

在传统的波与流相互作用理论的基础上, 推导了准地转框架下包含非绝热效应的E-P通量, 证明了由Eliassen和Palm导得的波动能量关系与由Lorenz导得的大气能量循环关系的一致性. 大尺度定常波的波动能量传播过程实质上是大气能量循环过程的一部分, 大气中的平均流能量向波动能量的转换就是局地波能通量散度的全球质量积分, 也即是局地波动能源的全球积分.利用NCEP/NCAR资料对北半球各纬带不同季节大气波动能源和E-P通量的诊断分析表明传统的绝热条件下的E-P通量仅能表征冬季的波能输送情况, 其他季节必须要考虑非绝热加热的影响.     

THERMAL FORCING IMPACTS OF THE EASTERLY VORTEX ON THE EAST-WEST SHIFT OF THE SUBTROPICAL ANTICYCLONE OVER WESTERN PACIFIC OCEAN

By employing the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data sets(1 000 to 10 hPa,2.5°× 2.5°),the thermal forcing impacts are analyzed of an easterly vortex(shortened as EV) over the tropical upper troposphere on the quasi-horizontal movement of the Western Pacific Subtropical Anticyclone(shortened as WPS A) during 22-25 June 2003.The relevant mechanisms are discussed as well.It is shown that the distribution and intensity of the non-adiabatic effect near the EV result in the anomalous eastward retreat of the WPSA.The WPSA prefers extending to the colder region,i.e.,it moves toward the region in which the non-adiabatic heating is weakening or the cooling is strengthening.During the WPSA retreat,the apparent changes of non-adiabatic heating illustrate the characteristics of enhanced cooling in the east side of the EV.Meanwhile,the cooling in the west side exhibits a weakened eastward trend,most prominently at 300 hPa in the troposphere.The evidence on the factors causing the change in thermal condition is found:the most important contribution to the heating-rate trend is the vertical transport term,followed in turn by the local change in the heating rate term and the horizontal advection term.As a result,the atmospheric non-adiabatic heating generated by the vertical transport and local change discussed above is mainly connected to the retreat of the WPSA.     

青藏高原和亚洲夏季风动力学研究的新进展

亚洲夏季风环流受海陆和伊朗高原—青藏高原大地形的热力作用调控.亚洲季风所释放的巨大潜热又对大气环流形成反馈.这种相互反馈过程十分复杂,揭示其物理过程对理解气候变化格局的形成和变化以及提高天气预报及气候预测的准确率十分重要.夏季北半球副热带对流层上层环流的主要特征是存在庞大的南亚高压(SAH)以及强大的对流层上层温度暖中心(UTTM).本文介绍了温度—加热垂直梯度(T-Q_Z)理论的发展,并用以揭示SAH和UTTM的形成机制.指出沿副热带欧亚大陆东部的季风对流潜热加热及其中西部的表面感热加热和高层长波辐射冷却是导致SAH和UTTM在南亚上空发展的原因.文中还介绍了Gill模型用于上部对流层研究的局限性及解决的办法.     

Intercomparison of CRA-Interim Precipitation Products with ERA5 and JRA-55

By using the hourly data from surface meteorological stations in China, the 3-hour precipitation data from CRA-Interim (Chinese Reanalysis-Interim), ERA5 (ECMWF Reanalysis 5) and JRA-55 (Japanese Reanalysis-55) are compared, both on the spatial-temporal distributions and on bias with observation precipitation in China. The results show that: (1) The three sets of reanalysis datasets can all reflect the basic spatial distribution characteristics of annual average precipitation in China. The simulation of topographic forced precipitation in complex terrain by CRA-interim is more detailed, while CRA-interim has larger negative bias in central and East China, and larger positive bias in southwest China. (2) In terms of seasonal precipitation, the three sets of reanalysis datasets overestimate the precipitation in the heavy rainfall zone of spring and summer, especially in southwest China. CRA interim’s location of the rain belt in the First Rainy Season in South China is west by south, the summer precipitation has positive bias in southwest and South China. (3) All of the reanalysis datasets can basically reflect the distribution difference of inter-annual variation of drought and flood, but the overall the CRA-Interim generally shows negative bias, while the ERA5 and JRA-55 exhibit positive bias. (4) For the diurnal variation of precipitation in summer, all the reanalysis datasets perform better in simulating the daytime precipitation than in the night, and bias of CRA-interim is less in southeast and northeast than elsewhere. (5) ERA5 generally performs the best on the evaluation of quantitative precipitation forecast, the JRA-55 is the next, followed by the CRA-Interim. CRA-Interim has higher missing rate and lower threat score for heavy rains; however, at the level of downpour, the CRA-Interim performs slightly better.     

平均经圈环流在大气角动量和感热收支中的作用

本文研究相对座标系中近地表角动量的制造和自由大气中角动量的辐散之间的平衡机制,并与绝对参考系中的机制进行比较。 对1982年元月全球角动量和感热的收支分析证明,被激发的平均经圈环流具有下述特征:其下部水平支施加于大气的惯性矩与近地表角动量的制造相平衡,上部水平支反号的惯性矩与涡动角动量通量的辐合(散)相平衡;而其垂直支的绝热加热效应则平衡着自由大气中热通量的辐散和/或大气的非绝热加热。因而,无论动力上还是热力上,平均经圈环流在大气总环流中都起着重要的作用。     

大气的内外强迫源和西风指数的变化

通过波流相互作用和无加速定理的讨论以及相应的数值分析,本文介绍有关纬向平均西风变化的近期研究成果。指出西风指数随时问变化的主动原因是波动和基本气流的相互作用以及外部动量源和热源的强迫作用;其被动原因是内外源所激发的次级环流的影响。还讨论了用简化的动力模型进行西风指数长期预报的可行性问题。     

大气水汽的输送和收支及其对副热带干旱的影响

本文利用1979年9月至1984年8月欧洲中期天气预报中心(ECMWF)每日四次的十三层分析资料,研究不同尺度的大气运动对水汽输送和收支的贡献。指出Hadley环流对水汽从副热带向赤道输送和从冬半球向夏半球的输送中起着决定性作用。热带行星波则把水汽从热带输向副热带。在中高纬的水汽向极输送中,天气尺度的波动比行星尺度的波动更重要。在南半球,天气尺度的波动支配着水汽的输送过程。分析和数值试验表明,副热带干旱受到nadley环流和热带行星波异常的强烈影响。     

大气平衡态的动力特征——Ⅰ:多平衡态的共面和非共面性质

本文设计了一个有地形、强迫源和摩擦耗散的球面正压低阶模型来研究大气平衡态的动力特征。在相空间中,存在各平衡态共存的非线性作用曲面、角动量平面和强迫耗散球面。多平衡态的共面特征反映着大气运动的全局行为。指出大气运动的非线性特征只为多平衡态的存在提供可能性,但不提供必然性。动能和位涡拟能的分析表明,不同平衡态处在不同的能级,具有不同的拟能态,在相空间上位于不同的能量球面上。了解各态间的动力差异有助于理解大气运动向定常态收敛和产生振荡的物理原因。这将在第Ⅱ部份深入讨论。