金(银)迁移和沉淀的原理(文摘) 1、在低温热液系统中金的沉淀机制

在温度低于250℃的低温热液系统中,金的性态往往取决于pH值和氧逸度。黄铁矿化和粘土矿化组合相对稳定时,金多以二硫络合物的形式运移。在砷含量较高的热液系统中,硫砷络合物往往占主导地位。在这种条件下,氧化作用、浓度减低和温度下降都可能引起金的沉淀。某些低品位金矿床就是由吸附和共沉淀作用形成的。搬运溶液中     

S—型花岗岩及其在北美西南部可能缺失

已经被用来(而且目前仍在继续使用)标定澳大利亚东南部的Lachlan褶皱带(LFB)中S-型花岗岩的一些标准在本文中又做了评述,而且与北美西南部的各种过铝花岗岩进行了比较。根据一些不充分的资料,其中的某些花岗岩已被归类为S-型花岗岩。实际上在LFB中所有的体积巨大的S-型花岗岩是近地表的岩基花岗岩,它们通常与S-型火山岩组合在一起,而不与区域变质岩和混合岩相伴生。这些花岗岩强烈地过铝,堇青石的存在则为一证据。含有原生白云母的花岗岩是很少见的。由于在沉积源岩的形成过程中化学风化作用的结果,所有这类花岗岩是低Na、Ca和Sr的。北美西南部不同时代的过铝花岗岩则有明显的差异。这些花岗岩很少含有堇青石(在LFB中,为S-型花岗岩的一个标志矿物),但是其中的某些花岗岩具有进一步演化的特点,以致结晶出富含Fe—Mn的石榴石。这些花岗岩主要是二云母花岗岩,与LFB中大多数过铝花岗岩相比,其结晶作用发生在水(?)度较高及深度更深的环境下。含堇青石的火山岩(S-型)至今未见报导。北美西南的过铝花岗岩总体上来讲是高Na的。这些岩石的某些具有奥长花岗岩的亲缘性,其母岩浆似乎很象是从遭受过改造的玄武质岩石经部分熔融而产生的。局部出现的某些过铝花岗岩(边缘至准铝型)可能是由于高层位的I-型花岗岩混染所造成的。这些岩石不是S-型花岗岩。到目前为止,仍没有提供充分的证据来证实北美西南部过铝花岗岩是S-型花岗岩。     

太古宙洋脊更长,扩张更快吗?

较热的早期地球通过板块构造机制消散较多的热量,一般来说总是通过较新岩石圈的消减。原则上这一过程可以由更长洋脊的快速扩张及其某些结合来完成,但是,目前的证据表明,新的大洋岩石圈比老的消减更慢。如果在太古宙也是这样,合适的解释就是“洋脊更长”。得到的定量表达式说明大洋的热散失与洋脊长度的立方根成比例,这一关系意味着如果太古宙热流是现在的3倍,那么就需要27倍于现在的洋脊长度,这说明在太古宙地球表面覆盖着许多移动缓慢的小板块。     

岩浆期后成矿的能量原理

矽卡岩、云英岩、钠长岩和热液类型的矿床是岩浆期后金属矿床的典型代表。到目前为止,相当肯定地确定了这些矿床和其它内生金属矿床成矿物质的来源以及形成这些矿床的矿化热液的来源。成矿物质来源分为:1)壳下玄武岩类的或岩浆的;2)地壳花岗岩类的或同化的;3)渗入的。成矿热水系分力:1)岩浆水;2)交质水; 3)沉积岩的埋藏水;     

天气与气候的界限

分清天气和气候之间的区别是必要的。为此,本文提出了天气和气候的定义。这些定义,可用于合理地讨论气候变化性与气候变迁的概念,并曾被最近的世界气候会议所采用。目前,从人们对气候和气候变化方面的兴趣来看,需要对天气和气候重新下定义,从而得出这两个概念的清楚界限。假如这些定义是有用的,而且得到承认,那末,它们应当尽可能符合共同的理解和实际,而不是取决     

关于“早些相对于晚些”发布地震预报的讨论

文章介绍了日本地震学会1982年秋季大会简况,会上共宣读241篇论文,包括八个方面;本文重点介绍了有关地震活动与地震预报研究两方面的内容。     

Lysosomal membrane stability and metallothioneins in digestive gland of Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam.) as biomarkers in a field study

The lysosomal membrane destabilization and the metallothionein content in the digestive gland cells of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis Lam.), collected along the east coast of the North Adriatic (Istrian and Kvarnerine coast, Croatia), were examined over a period of four years (1996–1999). The lysosomal membrane stability, as a biomarker of general stress, showed that the membrane labilization period in mussels from polluted, urban- and industrial-related areas was significantly decreased (p<0.05) when compared to mussels from control, clean sea water sites. In the harbour of Rijeka, the most contaminated site, the lysosomal membrane stability was reduced by more than 70% compared to the control. This method also proved to be a useful biomarker for detection of additional stress caused by short-term hypoxia that occurred once during this study inside the polluted and periodically quite eutrophic Pula Harbour. The concentration of metallothioneins in the mussel digestive gland, as a specific biomarker of exposure to heavy metals, did not reveal significant differences (p<0.05) between sites covered by this study.     

Campanian Climatic Change: Isotopic Evidence from Far East, North America, North Atlantic and Western Europe

Paleoclimatic settings have been reconstructed for the Campanian using original oxygen-isotopic analyses of well-preserved molluskan and foraminifera shells from Russian Far East, Hokkaido, USA, Belgium and some DSDP holes (95, 98, 102, 390A, and 392A) in North Atlantic. Early Early Campanian climatic optimum has been recognized from data on high bottom shelf water paleotemperatures in middle latitudes of both the western circum-Pacific (to 24.2°C) and the eastern circum-Pacific (to 26.4°C) areas and high bottom shallow water paleotemperatures in high latitudes of the Koryak Upland (22.4–25.5°C), which agrees with the data on the Campanian Barykovskaya flora in high latitudes (Golovneva and Herman, 1998) and Jonker flora and its equivalents in middle latitudes. Judging from the data on comparatively high bottom shallow water paleotemperature values in high latitudes, South Alaska (19.4°C) and the Koryak Upland (22.4–25.5°C), we also expect Latest Campanian temperature maximum, which has not been confirmed, however, for low and middle latitudes by neither of isotopic nor paleobotanic data now. Main climatic tendency during the Campanian (with the exception of Latest Campanian) has been learned from isotopic composition of Campanian aragonitic ammonoid shells from the Hokkaido-South Sakhalin (Krilyon) marine basin. In contrary to Huber’s et al. (2002) assumption, we expect warm greenhouse conditions during the most part of the Campanian.     

STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION OF A WATERSHED-SCALE SEDIMENT INFORMATION NETWORK

A "Watershed-Scale Sediment Information Network" (WaSSIN), designed to complement UNESCO’s International Sedimentation Initiative, was endorsed as an initial project by the World Association for Sedimentation and Erosion Research. WaSSIN is to address global fluvial-sediment information needs through a network approach based on consistent protocols for the collection, analysis, and storage of fluvial-sediment and ancillary information at smaller spatial scales than those of the International Sedimentation Initiative. As a second step of implementation, it is proposed herein that the WaSSIN have a general structure of two components, (1) monitoring and data acquisition and (2) research. Monitoring is to be conducted in small watersheds, each of which has an established database for discharge of water and suspended sediment and possibly for bed load, bed material, and bed topography. Ideally, documented protocols have been used for collecting, analyzing, storing, and sharing the derivative data. The research component is to continue the collection and interpretation of data, to compare those data among candidate watersheds, and to determine gradients of fluxes and processes among the selected watersheds. To define gradients and evaluate processes, the initial watersheds will have several common attributes. Watersheds of the first group will be: (1) six to ten in number, (2) less than 1000 km2 in area, (3) generally in mid-latitudes of continents, and (4) of semiarid climate. Potential candidate watersheds presently include the Weany Creek Basin, northeastern Australia, the Zhi Fanggou catchment, northern China, the Eshtemoa Watershed, southern Israel, the Metsemotlhaba River Basin, Botswana, the Aiuaba Experimental Basin, Brazil, and the Walnut Gulch Experimental Watershed, southwestern United States.