CHARACTERISTICS OF ATMOSPHERIC EXTINCTION-TO-BACKSCATTERING RATIO IN RUBY LIDAR MEASUREMENTS

In this paper the dependence of the ratio k (the atmospheric extinction-to-backscattering ratio) upon the aerosol refractive index and size distribution is theoretically studied in ruby lidar measurements. An empirical expression for the ratio k is then established. Moreover the effect of molecular scattering on the ratio k is discussed.     

THE PHOTODISSOCIATION COEFFICIENTS OF OZONE AND OXYGEN IN THE CLOUDY TURBID ATMOSPHERE

In this paper, the effects of clouds with different albedos at different altitudes as underlying surface on the photodissociation coefficients of oxygen and ozone in the turbid atmosphere, where the multi-scattering of molecules and aerosols is considered, have been investigated. In addition, the effects of doubling the ozone concentration in the tropopausc due to the atmospheric motion on the photodissociation coefficients of ozone and oxygen are also studied.     

GRADIENT MEASUREMENTS OF METHANE FLUX IN LIN''''AN RICE PADDIES

From July to September of 1990,CH_4 flux measurements were made in Lin'an rice paddies using gradient profiletechniques.Some characteristics of the turbulence structure under the stable conditions have been verified in the surfacelayer according to the in situ measurements.The semi-empirical turbulent parameters β_m,β_h and β_c and their changeswith the stability parameter Ri are given.Observed results indicate that CH_4 flux in the rice-paddy is mainly decided bythe methnogenesis and the process of CH4 transport from internal soils to the atmosphere,and that the CH_4 verticaltransfer is depressed in the stable surface layer.The CH_4 flux shows that its obvious diurnal changes,and the meanCH_4 flux are higher in nighttime and lower in daytime,and the peaks appear at about 2000 BST at night and 0300 BSTin the early morning,respectively.The mean value of CH_4 flux is about 4.18±2.3 mg/m~2 h.     

20世纪80年代中国地区大气气溶胶光学厚度的平均状况分析

利用中国北京等 41个甲种日射站 1 979～ 1 990年太阳直接辐射日总量和日照时数等资料 ,配合同期 TOMS version - 7臭氧观测资料 ,反演了 41个站逐年、逐月 0 .75μm大气气溶胶的平均光学厚度值 (Aerosol Optical Depth,AOD) ,据此分析了 1 2 a来中国大气气溶胶的变化和时空平均分布特征。结果表明 :中国大气气溶胶光学厚度 AOD的多年平均分布是以四川盆地为中心向四周减少 ,南疆盆地和长江中游武汉附近为另两个大值中心 ;长江中下游大部分地区、山东半岛以及广东沿海等 ,AOD值亦较大 ;而东北大部、西北大部、云南和福建沿海等地 AOD较小。AOD各月平均分布有所不同。中国绝大部分地区春季 AOD值最大 ,最小值则各地不同。 1 979～ 1 990年 ,青藏高原、四川盆地西部、贵州北部、长江中下游大部分地区、山东半岛和南疆盆地西部等 ,AOD呈增长趋势。而东北地区、西北地区大部、云贵高原和广西西部以及华东沿海等地 AOD呈减小势态。中国地区 AOD的季节变化曲线大体可分为单峰、一峰一谷、两峰一谷和多峰等 4种类型     

CHARACTERISTICS OF VEGETATION COVER,ROUGHNESS AND ALBEDO DISTRIBUTION OVER CHINA

To build land surface dataset for climate model,with application of remote sensing techniqueas well as the Geographic Information System(GIS),the data of surface type,roughness andalbedo over China in 1997 were retrieved,resolutions being 10 km×10 km.Based on these data,an analysis is conducted on the geographic distributions and seasonal variations of surfacevegetation cover and roughness as well as albedo over China.Results show that surface vegetationcover is mainly located to the south of Yangtze River,in Southwest and Northeast China andsparse vegetation cover is in the Northwest.The variation of land surface cover affects thevariations of land surface roughness and albedo.High albedo occurred in the north of XinjiangAutonomous Region,the north of Northeast China and the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau in winter,incorrespondence with the location of snow cover.For most part of China,surface roughness decreases and albedo increases in winter,while theroughness increases and the albedo decreases in summer,which could mainly result from landsurface cover(snow cover and vegetation cover)and soil moisture changes.This shows that thegeographic distribution and seasonal variation of the albedo are almost opposite to those of theroughness,in agreement with theoretical results.Temporally,the amplitude of surface roughnesschange is quite small in comparison with the roughness itself.     

MEASUREMENTS AND MODEL SIMULATIONS OF SURFACE OZONE VARIATIONS AT DIFFERENT BACKGROUND CONCENTRATIONS OF THE PRECURSORS

Ozone photochemical production and loss in very different environments at Waliguan baselinestation and Lin'an background station were simulated by using the measurement data and photo-chemical box model.The results show that net ozone photochemical production rate is negative,about 0.5 ppb/d,at Waliguan baseline sation,because of very low precursor concentrations.Butat Lin'an background station,the net photochemical ozone production is positive,about 2—3 ppb/h.which is very closed with the measurement at Lin'an.That means ozone production was con-trolled by photochemical reactions at Lin'an background station,because of the higher precursorconcentrations.The net destruction rate,at Waliguan Mt.,is not large,so that future increase inanthropogenic emission of reactive nitrogen will lead to larger production rates of steady-state O_3concentration.     

用卫星和雷达资料进行大范围降水估计

利用日本 GMS 卫星的展宽数字云图资料(Stretched Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiome-ter)和中国气象科学研究院的 Doppler 雷达资料,综合卫星和雷达资料进行大范围降水估计的研究。首先把卫星和雷达资料从各自的坐标系中变换到公共坐标系——双标准纬线(30°N 和60°N)Lambert 投影坐标系中,以雷达资料作为判断降水的标准,统计得到降水概率与红外亮度温度及可见光反照率的相关矩阵。然后再把这一相关矩阵应用到一定的卫星探测的大范围中,得出降水区域分布的估计结果。用该方法对1989年7月23日和8月16日两个个例进行了估计计算。     

Analysis of the influence of Taihu Lake and the urban heat islands on the local circulation in the Yangtze Delta

The influences of human activities on regional climate and weather are tremendous. The re-gional temperature and the distributing of wind field are influenced, whereas the precipitation in-tensity and the spatial and temporal distribution of the precipita…     

创新 育人 奉献——纪念谢义炳先生诞辰90周年

今年是我国著名的气象学家、教育家、中国科学院院士、北京大学教授谢义炳先生诞辰90周年。谢义炳先生的一生,是富于创新和奉献的一生,他为我国的气象教育与人才培养,气象科学研究和气象业务现代化做出了卓越的贡献,是我国老一辈气象学家的杰出代表之一。建国初期,谢义炳先生满怀爱国热情,冲破阻力,毅然回到祖国,投身新中国气象事业的建设,以自己的学识报效祖国。他学贯中西,远见卓识,敏锐地发现和抓住学科生长点和新的机会,不断创新。20世纪50年代初期首先发现东亚上空多层锋区、急流分支和副热带高空急流。这一发现把对东亚大气环流的认识…     

青藏高原平流层臭氧和气溶胶的变化趋势研究

通过分析SAGEⅡ资料,发现青藏高原平流层臭氧存在递减趋势,15—50 km臭氧的变化对臭氧总量变化贡献最大,其中25—50 km和15—25 km两层的贡献大致相当。通过青藏高原和中国东部地区平流层臭氧变化的对比,清楚地看出:两地臭氧总量变化的差异主要是由于在15—25 km臭氧变化不同所致。5—7月臭氧变化趋势的情况与年平均的变化类似,两地臭氧变化的差异主要在平流层低层,即15—25 km。青藏高原平流层气溶胶面密度的时间变化序列显示:大的火山喷发对青藏高原平流层气溶胶具有重要影响,其影响可持续6年左右。从1997年至今,青藏高原18—25 km气溶胶面密度增加,最大的增长出现在23 km,每年大约增长4%—5%。而在16—17 km气溶胶的面密度出现减少趋势。与此同时,在37 km以下,青藏高原的温度出现递减的趋势,而且其递减速度比中国东部地区快;在37—50 km,温度出现增加的趋势,青藏高原的增温也比中国东部地区快。青藏高原平流层低层气溶胶的增加和温度的降低都将增强该区域非均相反应的作用。