有限距离目标的大气折射改正

大气折射映射函数研究中的母函数方法大大地提高了对流层大气折射改正的计算精度，进而提供了在近地平时低高度观测的足够高精度大气折射改正计算方法。作为高精度大气折射模型的进一步考虑，有限距离目标，例如小于几百千米高度，可能对大气延迟和天大气折射都能引入额外的改正。本应用了天大气折射一些新定义，以及详细地讨论了一种有限距离目标的大气折射改正的计算模型，其中包含在映射函数中的角自变量从传统的真天顶距到本征天顶距的改变，对大气延迟和天大气折射的模拟计算表明：本结果对小于向百千米的目标在低于10°的观测具有一定的影响。     

利用地基GPS技术反演武汉地区大气可降水分

利用武汉地区的探空资料和GPS实测数据，对对流层干分量延迟、对流层加权平均温度进行了检验分析．结果表明，对于武汉地区而言，常用的大气干分量延迟模型(SAAS Hopfield and Black)存在着1-2cm的系统误差，这在利用GPS资料估算大气可降水分(PWV)时会引入2-3mm的误差；对流层加权平均温度与常用的Bevis公式也存在着一定的差异，但这种差异对PWV结果影响很小．为此，提出了校正对流层干分量延迟的方法，并利用实测数据对该方法进行了检验．实践证明，这种校正方法基本上可以消除常用干分量模型的系统误差。     

基于高精度对流层延迟改正的转发式卫星测定轨

转发式卫星测定轨传统上一直使用气象站数据和Saastamonien模型,计算天顶对流层延迟,精度约为4 cm。为了提高对流层延迟改正精度,并进一步提高卫星测定轨精度,在转发式测轨站上并址配置测地型GPS/BDS多系统接收机,基于IGS/iGMAS产品计算得到各站高精度的对流层天顶延迟,精度约为5 mm。将此新的对流层延迟改正应用于定轨软件,开展了GEO卫星转发式测定轨试验。试验结果表明:使用本文方法的对流层延迟后,定轨精度有较为明显提高,平均重叠弧段轨道差由1.402 m,减小到1.268 m,改善约为10%。     

提高中性大气折射延迟改正精度的可能途径

针对空间大地测量技术对中性大气折射延迟改正精度的要求,阐述了折射延迟改正值应随测站和随方位而异的必要性．指出,在尚不能直接测定天文大气折射值的情况下,现有的各种改正模型对大气分布模型的依赖性,不能达到预期的精度和降低观测的截止角．根据云南天文台低纬子午环的特殊结构,和测定大气折射的实践,提出了提高折射延迟改正精度的新方法,即：利用各观测站不同方位从天顶附近直到低地平高度角的天文大气折射实测数据,求解得到折射率差和映射函数的参数,从而建立随测站和随方位而异的大气折射延迟改正模型．这一新方法的实施,将能在不需采用大气分布模型的情况下,把天顶延迟的改正精度提高到1 mm以内,低地平高度角的折射延迟改正精度提高到厘米级,并且把截止高度角压缩到5°以内．     

大气延迟模型中气象参数季节性变化的局部模型

研究了大气延迟模型中气象参数季节性变化的作用，还根据高空气象探测记录数据进一步建立了上海和乌鲁木齐两个VLBI台站的关于中性大气温度梯度和对流层顶高度的季节性变化模型，并用以改善大气延迟的精度。     

测定天文大气折射和建立折射延迟实测模型的必要性

根据经典天体定位测量受天文大气折射的影响和现代空间大地测量对中性大气折射延迟改正的要求,分析了这些修正没有达到预期精度要求的原因:主要在于不能直接测定天文大气折射;文章针对这些影响量对大气分布模型的依赖性,改正值应随着不同的观测站和不同方位而异的要求,提出了提高这两种改正精度的有效途径:在各观测站不同方位的各天顶距,测定天文大气折射值,分别建立不同方位的大气折射实测模型,并利用实测数据,求解出折射率差和映射函数的参数,建立和采用随着观测站、随着方位而异的折射延迟改正模型。这一新方法的实施,将能在避免采用大气分布模型的情况下,把较低高度角的折射延迟改正精度从现在的米级提高到厘米级,并且把截止高度角压缩到5°以内。文章还论述了在各观测站多方向测定天文大气折射值的可能性。     

大气对卫星多卜勒测量的折射影响及其改正

本文调研了大气电离层与非电离层对卫星多卜勒测量的影响及其改正方法,重点介绍Hopfield对流层改正方法的原理,详尽推导了具体结果,指出在Tanenbaum修正的Hopfield模型中,等效参数定义的错误。     

GNSS对流层延迟映射模型分析

介绍了GNSS定位中常用的三种对流层映射函数NMF、GMF、VMF1和一种新的模型——GPT2,通过测站气压、天顶静力学延迟分量以及投影函数参数三个方面对这几个模型进行了比较。采用不同的模型对全球均匀分布的30个IGS测站2012年全年的GPS观测数据进行精密单点定位,分析了不同模型解算的测站坐标与对流层天顶延迟精度。分析结果表明:以实测气压为基准,VMF1模型气压误差仅为0.4%,GPT2模型相对于GPT模型改善了约25%;以VMF1 HT模型为基准,GPT和GPT2模型天顶静力学延迟中误差约为1 cm,GPT2模型精度略优于GPT模型;以VMF1网站发布的测站VMF1模型为基准,GPT2模型的干、湿映射函数参数ah、aw中误差约为1×10-5和5×10-5;在IGS08框架下,GMF/GPT与VMF1/GPT2模型的PPP坐标解精度比NMF提高了22%;两模型定位精度与ZTD精度都明显高于NMF模型。     

电离层延迟改正对GPS定时的影响分析

为分析电离层延迟改正对GPS定时的影响,采用修正电离层延迟的Klobuchar模型法和双频法,并利用IGS(International GNSS Service)观测站多天的GPS实测数据,计算得到了定位结果、GPS接收机钟差及其与IGS产品的测站钟差之差值.计算结果的分析表明,上述两种电离层延迟修正法有利于改善GPS定时结果,其中双频改正法效果更好.     

海潮对天顶延迟测定的影响

GPS气象学是GPS应用的一个新领域,天顶延迟的精确测定是其中的一个关键.由于GPS测站的垂直位移与天顶延迟存在很强的相关性,所以海潮对精密测定天顶延迟的影响不可忽略.本文对中国地壳运动观测网络2001年第010天到040天的GPS数据进行了处理分析,结果显示这种影响大约在几毫米.以位于近海的上海测站和位于内陆的武汉测站为例,最大影响可达±7 mm和±1 mm.     

Evaluation of the Precision of Three Tropospheric Delay Correction Models

Using the annual GPS observational tropospheric zenith delay data and meteorological data obtained at 36 globally distributed IGS stations in 2003, we have estimated the accuracy and range of application of two often-used models of tropospheric delay correction (the Hopfield and Saastamoinen models), and of a more recent model (the EGNOS model). We point out some defects in the Hopfield model and show that the EGNOS model can be used as the correction model of the tropospheric zenith delay for the GNSS real-time positioning and navigation.     

An Approach of Tropospheric Correction for VLBI Phase-Referencing using GPS Data

The dominant source of error in VLBI phase-referencing is the troposphere at observing frequencies above 5 GHz. We compare the tropospheric zenith delays derived from VLBI and GPS data at VLBA stations collocated with GPS antennas. The systematic biases and standard deviations both are at the level of sub-centimeter. Based on this agreement, we suggest a new method of tropospheric correction in phase-referencing using combined VLBI and GPS data.     

An Approach of Tropospheric Correction for VLBI Phase-Referencing using GPS Data

The dominant source of error in VLBI phase-referencing is the troposphere at observing frequencies above 5 GHz. We compare the tropospheric zenith delays derived from VLBI and GPS data at VLBA stations collocated with GPS antennas. The systematic biases and standard deviations both are at the level of sub-centimeter. Based on this agreement, we suggest a new method of tropospheric correction in phase-referencing using combined VLBI and GPS data.     

Analysis of the wide area differential correction for BeiDou global satellite navigation system

The regional BeiDou Satellite System, or BDS2, broadcasts a differential correction as Equivalent Satellite Clock Correction to correct both orbit and satellite clock errors. For the global BDS, or BDS3, satellite orbit and clock corrections conforming with RTCA standards will be broadcast to authorized users. The hybrid constellation and regional monitoring network pose challenges for the high precision separation of orbit and satellite clock corrections. Three correction models of kinematic,dynamic and Two-way Satellite Time Frequency Transfer(TWSTFT)-based dynamic were studied to estimate the satellite orbit and clock corrections. The correction accuracy of the three models is compared and analyzed based on the BDS observation data. Results show that the accuracies(root mean square, RMS) of dual-frequency real-time positioning for the three models are about 1.76 m, 1.78 m and 2.08 m respectively, which are comparable with the performance of WAAS and EGNOS. With dynamic corrections, the precision of Precise Point Positioning(PPP) experiments may reach about 23 cm after convergence.     

New consideration of atmospheric refraction in laser ranging data

In this paper we reconsider the formulae of tropospheric refraction correction for the Satellite Laser Range technique. From the expansion of the complementary error function, a new continued fraction form of the mapping function at optical frequencies is derived. The correction terms related to the operation frequency of the laser beam are considered in both the zenith delay and the mapping function. The correction for low-elevation satellites is briefly reviewed. The theoretical accuracy of the new mapping function has been analysed via the ray tracing integrals under the standard atmospheric profile. With respect to the radiosonde data, the deviations of the new mapping function are investigated in an elevation range down to near 1°, which is comparable with the results of the Marini–Murray formulae .     

No dependence of the temperature of the troposphere at Berlin on the solar activity cycle

The application of statistical analysis on the set of tropospheric temperature data obtained from daily radiosonde launchings at Berlin-Tempelhof (52.5°N; 13°E) from June 1958 to June 1986 in the height range 46 m - 10 km does not confirm a dependence of tropospheric temperature on sunspot number previously considered to be inside the bounds of possibility.     

HST spectral imaging of Titan's haze and methane profile between 0.6 and 1 μm during the 2000 opposition

We report on the analysis of high spatial resolution visible to near-infrared spectral images of Titan at Ls=240° in November 2000, obtained with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph instrument on board the Hubble Space Telescope as part of program GO-8580. We employ a radiative transfer fractal particle aerosol model with a Bayesian parameter estimation routine that computes Titan's absolute reflectivity per pixel for 122 wavelengths by modeling the vertical distribution of the lower atmosphere haze and tropospheric methane. Analysis of these data suggests that Titan's haze concentration in the lower atmosphere varies in strength with latitude. We find Titan's tropospheric methane profile to be fairly consistent with latitude and longitude, and we find evidence for local areas of a CH₄-N₂ binary saturation in Titan's troposphere. Our results suggest that a methane and haze profile at one location on Titan would not be representative of global conditions.     

Tropospheric Delay from VLBI and GNSS Measurements

Using an updated version of the QUASAR software package developed at the Institute of Applied Astronomy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, we have processed the VLBI observations within the international CONT14 program (May 6–20, 2014), in which a global network of 17 stations was involved (a total of ~250 000 observations). The package update concerned the optimization of data structure and the refinement of stochastic models for the random variations in wet tropospheric delay and atomic clock difference. The main goal of this paper is to compare the VLBI determinations of the tropospheric delay with its independent determinations using global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). We show that both these determinations agree well between themselves only in the case of a global analysis of the VLBI observations, where the VLBI station coordinates are also refined, along with the tropospheric delay and the clock synchronization and Earth orientation parameters. If, alternatively, the station coordinates are insufficiently accurate and are not refined from VLBI observations, then it is appropriate not to determine the tropospheric delay from these observations, but to take it from the publicly accessible independent GNSS data. However, this requires that the VLBI and GNSS techniques operate simultaneously at a common observing site. We have established the shortcomings of the universally accepted method of stabilizing the global solution associated with the absence of a criterion for choosing reference stations and radio sources. Two ways of their elimination are proposed: (i) introducing a coordinated list of weight factors for the errors in the coordinates of such stations and sources into the stabilization algorithm and (ii) adopting a coordinated list of stations and sources the refinement of whose coordinates is not required at all for a certain time.     

Some Polarity Conditions in Corpuscular Events

We present some refinements of the previously reported magnetic polarity conditions in solar-terrestrial relations. Appropriately selected subsets were used from the longest available data sets, the geomagnetic aa-index and the surface air temperature. The solar corpuscular impacts have conspicuous effects in the tropospheric behaviour. We reported previously a new kind of semi-annual fluctuation and opposite tropospheric responses to the effects coming from different regions of the Sun as well as their dependence on the orientation of the solar main magnetic dipole. It is shown in the present paper that the semi-annual fluctuation governed by shock and fluctuating disturbances (which originate from the lower-latitude solar regions) exhibits sign reversals in consecutive cycles. The effect can be detected only in the absence of recurrent disturbances (coming mainly from the polar regions). This complex phenomenon implies that the corpuscular events may preserve some of their polarity conditions of their specific solar origin even at the Earth's distance, and on the other hand the small-scale structure of the IMF plays an important role in the link between the solar particles and the tropospheric response.