ASO-S卫星工程LST爆发模式触发和终止方案

先进天基太阳天文台(ASO-S)是计划于2021年底或2022年上半年发射的中国首颗综合性太阳探测卫星,莱曼阿尔法太阳望远镜(LST)作为ASO-S的有效载荷之一,具体包括莱曼阿尔法全日面成像仪(SDI)、日冕仪(SCI)以及白光望远镜(WST) 3台科学仪器和2台导行镜(GT),其主要目标是在多个波段对太阳上的两类剧烈爆发现象(太阳耀斑和日冕物质抛射)进行连续不间断的高分辨率观测.为了实现这一观测目标, LST所有仪器的观测模式中均包含了一种针对爆发事件而设置的爆发模式.该模式下, SCI将以更高的频率进行图像采集, SDI和WST则以更高的频率对爆发所在区域进行图像采集.测试结果表明,观测图像经过中值滤波、像元合并处理后,可以通过监测图像各像元亮度的相对变化提取爆发事件的时间和位置信息.这些信息将为LST观测模式间的相互切换提供重要电子学输入.     

FMG载荷地面试观测导行跟踪系统的设计与实现

全日面矢量磁像仪(Full-disk vector MagnetoGraph, FMG)是先进天基太阳天文台(Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory, ASO-S)卫星的3台主载荷之一,为开展FMG全系统性能测试和定标试验,已搭建用于FMG外场测试的地面试观测平台.利用该平台模拟FMG在轨跟踪状态,研制了基于全日面太阳图像的望远镜导行系统.该系统通过大面阵CCD (Charge Coupled Device)采集太阳像、多重逻辑条件判定、微调恒动跟踪速度校正偏移等策略,实现了RMS (Root Mean Square)优于1′′/30 min的跟踪精度.通过分析FMG方案阶段试观测的太阳纵向磁图,开启导行30 min后磁图特征点在赤经方向的偏移比恒动条件下减少17.5′′,提升了磁图空间分辨率.测试过程中该系统达到设计指标且工作稳定,为FMG地面试观测提供了良好的技术支撑.     

兴隆85cm望远镜的夜天光平场及Fringing效应

北京师范大学参与共建的85 cm光学望远镜是中国科学院国家天文台兴隆观测站的主力观测设备之一.利用该望远镜在2019年5月12日的非常规观测数据,构建了其在B、V、 R、 I 4个波段的夜天光平场,并与相应的天光平场进行了比较.发现天光平场改正的典型误差在0.5%左右,全视场最大可达1.5%–2.0%.同时,还构建了I波段夜天光背景的Fringing模型,并开放给该望远镜用户使用.     

关于云南天文台2.4米望远镜YFOSC的CCD的平场

与国家天文台兴隆站2.16m安装的北京天文台暗天体分光成像仪(BAO Faint Object Spectrograph and Camera,BFOSC)系统相似,云南天文台2.4m望远镜安装了云南暗弱天体光谱及成像仪(Yunnan Faint-Object Spectrograph and Camera,YFOSC),对它在直接照相时的CCD平场性能做了测定.使用不同旋转角度拍摄平均而得的平场,可以使不同位置拍摄的像场,所受最大误差≤0.015 mag.但与卡焦的VersArray CCD照相机不同,即使在视场中间直径6.′5的圆内,误差约在0.010～0.013 mag之间,达不到≤0.005 mag的精度.     

CMOS图像传感器在太阳磁场观测中的应用研究

磁场是太阳物理的第1观测量,当前太阳磁场观测研究正迈向大视场、高时空分辨率、高偏振测量精度以及空间观测的时代.中国首颗太阳观测卫星—先进天基太阳天文台(ASO-S)也配置了具有高时空分辨率、高磁场灵敏度的全日面矢量磁像仪(FMG)载荷,针对FMG载荷的需求,讨论了大面阵、高帧频互补金属氧化物半导体(Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor, CMOS)图像传感器应用于太阳磁场观测的可行性.首先,基于滤光器型太阳磁像仪观测的原理,比较分析了目前CMOS图像传感器(可用的或是可选的两种快门模式)的特点,指出全局快门类型更适合FMG;其次搭建了CMOS传感器实验室测试系统,测量了CMOS图像传感器的像素增益及其分布规律;最后在怀柔太阳观测基地的全日面太阳望远镜上开展了实测验证,获得预期成果.在这些研究基础上,形成了FMG载荷探测器选型方向.     

基于支持向量机的太阳磁场活动区极性反转线位置的探测

太阳磁场的极性反转线(Polarity Inversion Line, PIL)是研究太阳活动、分析太阳磁场结构演变和预测太阳耀斑最重要的日面特征之一.磁场极性反转的位置是太阳耀斑和暗条可能出现的位置."先进天基太阳天文台(ASO-S)"是中国首颗空间太阳专用观测卫星,其搭载的"全日面矢量磁像仪(Full-Disk Vector Magnetograph, FMG)"主要任务是探测高空间、高时间分辨率的全日面矢量磁场.为了提高观测数据使用效率、快速监测太阳活动水平、提高太阳耀斑与日冕物质抛射的预报水平以及更好地服务于FMG数据处理与分析系统,采用了图像自动识别与处理技术,更加精确有效地检测极性反转线.从支持向量机(Support Vector Machine, SVM)的模型出发,将极性反转线位置的探测问题转化为一个模式识别中的二分类问题,提出了一种基于支持向量机的极性反转线检测算法,自动探测与识别太阳动力学天文台(Solar Dynamics Observatory, SDO)日震和磁成像仪(Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager, HMI)磁图的极性反转线位置.与现有算法的对比结果表明,此算法可以精确直观地检测太阳活动区的极性反转线.     

太阳硬X射线成像望远镜模拟研究

调制准直器型太阳硬X射线成像望远镜是目前较为通用的太阳观测设备.空间调制望远镜是基于中心轴不旋转的望远镜,适用于3轴稳定的卫星.针对我国可能的太阳观测计划,给出并比较了两组空间调制望远镜的配置方案,然后利用GEANT4高能物理通用软件模拟实际光子的计数情况,使用MATLAB实现图像重建.比较模拟光子计数得到的重建图与几...     

关于云南天文台2.4米望远镜YFOSC的CCD的平场

与国家天文台兴隆站2.16 m安装的北京天文台暗天体分光成像仪(BAO FaintObject Spectrograph and Camera,BFOSC)系统相似,云南天文台2.4 m望远镜安装了云南暗弱天体光谱及成像仪(Yunnan Faint-Object Spectrograph and Camera,YFOSC),对它在直接照相时的CCD平场性能做了测定。使用不同旋转角度拍摄平均而得的平场,可以使不同位置拍摄的像场,所受最大误差≤0.015 mag。但与卡焦的VersArray CCD照相机不同,即使在视场中间直径6.’5的圆内,误差约在0.010～0.013 mag之间,达不到≤0.005 mag的精度。     

图像移位堆叠方法用于暗天然卫星的天体测量

暗弱天然卫星与主带小行星相比,具有亮度低、速度变化快的特点.在观测这类天体时,不能简单地延长曝光时间来提高其信噪比.尝试观测多幅短曝光的CCD (chargecoupled device)图像,采用移位堆叠(shift-and-add)方法,希望提高目标成像的信噪比,获得暗弱天然卫星的精确测量结果.使用2018年4月9—12日夜间,中国科学院云南天文台1 m望远镜(1 m望远镜)拍摄的木星5颗暗卫星的229幅CCD图像,实施了移位堆叠试验.为了验证结果的正确性,与相近日期中国科学院云南天文台2.4 m望远镜(2.4 m望远镜)观测的相同木卫图像的测量结果进行了比较和分析.位置归算采用了JPL (Jet Propulsion Laboratory)历表.结果表明,对CCD图像使用移位堆叠方法,通过叠加约10幅曝光时间100 s的图像, 1 m望远镜能观测暗至19等星的不规则天然卫星,而且测量的准确度与2.4 m望远镜的测量结果有良好的一致性.     

全日面太阳光学和磁场望远镜的自动跟踪与导行方法

介绍全日面太阳光学和磁场望远镜的自动跟踪与导行方法。本系统采用光栅钢带码盘作位置检测元件,实时计算太阳站心位置,构成高精度的位置环跟踪系统,并用视频CCD和胡氏导行光路进行太阳导行,提高了系统的长时间跟踪精度。最后经实测,分析得出该跟踪导行系统完全达到预期指标。     

ASO-S卫星基于太阳导行镜的高精度高稳定度姿态控制系统

先进天基太阳天文台(Advanced Space-based Solar Observatory, ASO-S)卫星姿控分系统的主要任务是实现高精度、高稳定度对日指向控制. ASO-S卫星的科学载荷中,白光望远镜(White-light Solar Telescope, WST)前端配置了太阳导行镜(Guide Telescope, GT)稳像系统,利用正交分布光电二极管组成的边缘探测器测量导行镜光轴与太阳中心的偏差角.提出了一种将GT测量值引入姿态控制闭环的控制方法:利用星敏陀螺定姿算法获得卫星-太阳方向姿态偏差, GT测量值确定非卫星-太阳方向姿态偏差;以4斜装反作用轮组为执行机构,进行三轴零动量稳定姿态控制.通过数学仿真验证,基于GT测量值的姿态控制器在非卫星-太阳方向的绝对指向精度优于2′′、相对姿态稳定度优于1′′/60 s,满足ASO-S卫星高精度高稳定度的对日指向要求.     

针对ASO-S/HXI光栅摆放角分布的测试与分析

先进天基太阳天文台(ASO-S)卫星的3大载荷之一硬X射线成像仪(Hard X-ray Imager, HXI)是一套基于傅立叶变换调制成像技术的望远镜.它利用91组不同摆放角和节距的光栅子准直器排列摆布,获得45个基于空间调制的傅立叶变换对,重建太阳耀斑源30–200 keV的硬X射线像,最高分辨率可达3.1′′.在光栅节距已经确定的前提下,它的摆放角分布仍会影响成像质量.通过对HXI仪器傅立叶分量μν分布与点扩散函数(PSF)的空间演化关系分析研究,寻求HXI光栅摆放角的最优分布.其结果将作为改进HXI仪器设计和开发相应科学分析软件的依据.     

Detection of opposite polarities in a sunspot light bridge: evidence of low-altitude magnetic reconnection

A multiwavelength photometric analysis was performed in order to study the sub-structure of a sunspot light bridge in the photosphere and the chromosphere. Active region NOAA 8350 was observed on 1998 October 8. The data consist of a 100 min time series of 2D spectral scans of the lines Fe  i 5576 Å, Hα 6563 Å, Fe  i 6302.5 Å, and continuum images at 5571 Å. We recorded line-of-sight magnetograms in 6302.5 Å. The observations were taken at the Dunn Solar Telescope at US National Solar Observatory, Sacramento Peak. We find evidence for plasma ejection from a light bridge followed by Ellerman bombs. Magnetograms of the same region reveal opposite polarity in light bridge with respect to the umbra. These facts support the notion that low-altitude magnetic reconnection can result in the magnetic cancellation as observed in the photosphere.     

Magnetic Field Strengths and Structures from Radio Observations of Solar Active Regions

Radio observations of some active regions (ARs) obtained with the Nobeyama radioheliograph at λ=1.76cm are used for estimating the magnetic field strength in the upper chromosphere, based on thermal bremsstrahlung. The results are compared with the magnetic field strength in the photosphere from observations with the Solar Magnetic Field Telescope (SMFT) at Huairou Solar Observing Station of Beijing Astronomical Observatory. The difference in the magnetic field strength between the two layers seems reasonable. The solar radio maps of active regions obtained with the Nobeyama radioheliograph, both in total intensity (I-map) and in circular polarizations (V-map), are compared with the optical magnetograms obtained with the SMFT. The comparison between the radio map in circular polarization and the longitudinal photospheric magnetogram of a plage region suggest that the radio map in circular polarization is a kind of magnetogram of the upper chromosphere. The comparison of the radio map in total intensity with the photospheric vector magnetogram of an AR shows that the radio map in total intensity gives indications of magnetic loops in the corona, thus we have a method of defining the coronal magnetic structure from the radio I-maps at λ=1.76 cm. Analysing the I-maps, we identified three components: (a) a compact bright source; (b) a narrow elongated structure connecting two main magnetic islands of opposite polarities (observed in both the optical and radio magnetograms); (c) a wide, diffuse, weak component that corresponds to a wide structure in the solar active region which shows in most cases an S or a reversed S contour, which is probably due to the differential rotation of the Sun. The last two components suggest coronal loops on different spatial scales above the neutral line of the longitudinal photospheric magnetic field.     

Design and development of the Advanced Technology Solar Telescope

Led by the National Solar Observatory, plans have been made to design and to develop the Advanced Technology Solar Telescope (ATST). The ATST will be a 4‐m general‐purpose solar telescope equipped with adaptive optics and versatile post‐focus instrumentation. Its main aim will be to achieve an angular resolution of 0.03 arcsec (20 km on the solar surface). The project and the telescope design are briefly described.     

Development of solar scintillometer

The index of scintillation measurement is a good parameter to compare different sites for image quality or ‘seeing’. We have developed a scintillometer, which is deployed on the high resolution SPAR telescope in the island site of Udaipur Solar Observatory, for the site characterization to specify the proposed MAST (Multi Application Solar Telescope). The scintillometer consists of a miniature telescope, termed as micro telescope (4 mm aperture, 15 mm focal length) mounted on a drive which tracks the Sun continuously, associated amplifiers and a data acquisition system. A photodiode is used as the detector. The telescope along with detector was obtained from National Solar Observatory (NSO), and is similar to the one used for Advanced Technology Solar Telescope (ATST) site survey. At USO we developed the amplifier and data acquisition system for the scintillometer. A 24-bit analog to digital converter based system was designed, assembled, tested and used as the data acquisition system (DAS). In this paper, we discuss the instrumentation and present the initial results.     

Dynamics of the solar magnetic field from SOHO/MDI

The investigation of the dynamics of magnetic fields from small scales to the large scales is very important for the understanding of the nature of solar activity. It is also the base for producing adequate models of the solar cycle with the purpose to predict the level of solar activity. Since December 1995 the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) on board of the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) provides full disk magnetograms and synoptic maps which cover the period of solar cycle 23 and the current minimum. In this paper, I review the following important topics with a focus on the dynamics of the solar magnetic field. The synoptic structure of the solar cycle; the birth of the solar cycle (overlapping cycles 23 and 24); the relationship of the photospheric magnetic activity and the EUV solar corona, polar magnetic fields and dynamo theory (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

The Hβ Chromospheric Magnetic Field in a Quiescent Filament

We observed the line-of-sight magnetic field in the chromosphereand photosphere of a large quiescent filament on the solar disk on September 6, 2001 using the Solar Magnetic Field Telescope in Huairou Solar Observing Station. The chromospheric and photospheric magnetograms together with Hβ filtergrams of the filament were examined. The filament was located on the neutral line of the large scale longitudinal magnetic field in the photosphere and the chromosphere. The lateral feet of the filament were found to be related to magnetic structures with opposite polarities. Two small lateral feet are linked to weak parasitic polarity. There is a negative magnetic structure in the photosphere under a break of the filament. At the location corresponding to the filament in the chromospheric magnetograms, the magnetic strength is found to be about 40-70 Gauss (measuring error about 39 Gauss). The magnetic signal indicates the amplitude and orientation of the internal magnetic field in the filament. We discuss several possible causes which may produce such a measured signal. A twisted magnetic configuration inside the filament is suggested .     

Rotation of the magnetic elements in polar regions on the Sun

Using the Michelson Doppler Imager (MDI) data from Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO), the rotation rate of the unipolar magnetic regions in North high-latitude regions of the Sun is estimated by tracking individual magnetic elements. The analysis reveals a strong spin down near the pole, which is greater than the Doppler and magnetic rotation rates estimated by Snodgrass & Ulrich (1990), and rotation rate inferred from helioseismology (Birch & Kosovichev 1998), and is probably related to variation of velocity gradient in the subsurface shear layer. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)