基于ITRF96和ITRF97的全球板块运动模型

利用国际地球自转服务(IERS)发布的国际地球参考架ITRF96和ITRF97的水平运动,分别建立了完全基于现代空间大地测量实测结果的新的现今全球板块运动模型．研究表明,ITRF96和ITRF97与协议地球参考架(CTRF)的无整体旋转(NNRNo-Net-Rota-tion)的定义不符,都存在一个整体旋转．ITRF96参考架的旋转角速度约为0．11°／m．yr,旋转极位于N-4．13°,E89．3°;ITRF97的旋转角速度约为0．10°／m．yr,旋转极位于N-27．2°,E74．7°．这种不一致性对ITRF96和ITRF97的高精度应用和长期维持、地球自转参数的长期变化都将产生一定的影响。     

分析昆明GPS站相对欧亚板块的运动

利用国际联测和综合处理 ,得到昆明GPS站地壳形变速率每年以( -4 .3± 0 .5)mm下沉趋势 ,水平分别以 3 7.5mm ,方位 1 47°± 1 .°5运动。利用最新国际地球自转服务 (IERS)发布的国际地球参考架ITRF2 0 0 0速度场 ,建立最新反映全球板块模型 ,基于最新的ITRF2 0 0 0地球参考架和欧亚板块的欧拉矢量 ,估计得到昆明站的地壳垂直形变速率为每年 -0 .0 1mm呈下降趋势 ,水平形变速率为每年 ( 8.1± 0 .2 0 )mm ,方位 1 3 7°± 1 .°5;并进一步分别基于几百万年地质地磁模型NNR -NUVEL1A和ITRF96、ITRF97模型的欧亚板块的欧拉矢量 ,得到较一致的结果 ,说明全球板块运动稳定性与模型的可靠性。本文基于不同板块模型分析了昆明GPS站相对于欧亚板块运动     

3种板块绝对运动模型的建立及其比较

建立了 3种板块的绝对运动模型。即假定太平洋海岭相对固定于下地幔而得到的PRF -ITRF2 0 0 0的板块绝对运动模型 ;根据热点资料推得的HS2 -ITRF2 0 0 0板块绝对运动模型和由ITRF2 0 0 0得到的NNR -ITRF2 0 0 0无整体旋转的板块绝对运动模型。比较了这 3种板块绝对运动模型的利弊。综合起来看PRF -ITRF2 0 0 0可能是一个比较合适的基于空间数据的绝对参考架     

国际地球参考框架(ITRF)的原点和无整体旋转

目前国际地球参考框架(ITRF)建立和维持中,参考架原点和其定向随时间演变的约束上,并没有遵循协议地球参考系(CTRS)的定义。ITRF的定义和实现不一致的这种特征,将对毫米级地球参考框架的构建产生重要的影响。分析和讨论了最新的国际地球参考框架(ITRF2005)的原点和定向随时间演变的问题,并提出了目前可能解决的办法。     

3种板块绝对运动模型的建立及其比较

建立了3种板块的绝对运动模型。即假定太平洋海岭相对固定于下地幔而得到的PRF-ITRF2000的板块绝对运动模型；根据热点资料推得的HS2-ITRF2000板块绝对运动模型和由ITRF2000得到的NNR-ITRF2000无整体旋转的板块绝对运动模型。比较了这3种板块绝对运动模型的利弊，综合起来看PRF-ITRF2000可能是一个比较合适的基于空间数据的绝对参考架。     

ITRF2005简介和评析

该文对最新的国际地球参考框架 ITRF2005进行了简单介绍,指出了IFRF2000与ITRF2005之间在解的生成,基准的定义和实现等方面的差别,特别评析了ITRF2005所作改进的理由和合理性.同时也指出了ITRF2005与ITRF2000一样,没有满足协议地球参考系(CTRS)的定向随时间的演化需遵循相对于地壳无整体旋转(NNR)的约束条件,并就此提出了解决办法.     

并置VLBI站的相对形变及其与全球解结果的比较

基于ITRF2000地球参考架的三维VLBI站速度矢量和NNR-NUVEL-1A地球板块运动模型，采用观测的VLBI基线长变化率作为约束，估计和讨论了全球6个并置VLBI站的局部或区域性地壳的相对形变，并与国际地球参考架ITRFs解和VLBI全球解glb2003以及VTRF2003的结果进行了比较．结果表明日本Kashima与Kashim34VLBI站之间，美国GREENBANK的NRAO20与NRAO85-3站之间可能存在每年约近4毫米的相对垂直形变；WESTFORD与HAYSTACK二站间每年近2毫米的垂直形变率差基本可得到肯定，KOKEE和KAUAI二站的垂直形变率约有每年1至3毫米的差．利用如下方法能较可靠地检测出并置VLBI站间的局部或区域性的地壳垂直形变，改进ITRF解的可能不足．     

MORVEL构造板块的转动张量（英文）

NNR-MORVEL56板块运动模型描述了全球56个构造板块在无整体旋转参考架下的角速度运动参数。这些板块可以近似描述为单位球上的无重叠球面多边形区域。用ITRF速度场计算这56个板块相对于无整体旋转参考架下的绝对运动时,板块的几何参数起着至关重要的作用。详细给出了计算板块几何参数的方法并且编写了FORTRAN90程序以供参考,使得计算单位球上板块的面积和转动惯性张量得以实现。文中的计算方法和程序主要采用球面三角算法和自适应辛普森双积分算法,并对全球56个板块的几何参数进行了计算,得到了较为可靠的计算结果。     

以基线长度变化率为约束估算VLBI站的垂直形变率

基于NNR-NUVEL-1A地球板块运动模型和ITRF2000地球参考架的三维VLBI站速度矢量,采用实测的VLBI基线长度变化率作为约束,重新估计了部分国际VLBI站的局部或区域性地壳的垂直形变,并与国际地球参考架ITRFs解和VLBI全球解GLB2003,VTRF2003和VTRF2005的结果进行了比较。结果表明,欧亚板块的URUMQI站和太平洋板块的KWAJAL26站,南极OHIGGINS站的垂直形变率、ITRFs解和VLBI全球解存在6-15mm/a的差异,北美YUMA站可能有15-31mm/a 的垂直形变率,而美国西部太平洋板块的San Francisco(PRESIDIO)站的垂直形变率还有待进一步的研究。此外,SC-VLBA,CRIMEA和EFLSBERG站的垂直形变率、ITRFs解和VLBI全球解的差约为1-6mm/a。用不同方法得到的VLBI站的水平形变率解有较好的一致性。     

基于ITRF97的上海和鹿岛VLBI站地壳垂直形变的VLBI测定

利用美国宇航局(NASA)在1999年的VLBI全球解(glb1123)中关于上海VLBI站与国际上13个VLBI站的基线长变化率高精度测定结果,以及日本鹿岛Kashima和Kashima 34两VLBI站分别与国际VLBI站间的相应结果,基于最近的国际地球参考架ITRF97,估计得到了上海VLBI站和日本鹿岛两VLBI站相对于板块稳定区的地壳垂直形变率分别为-1.91±0.56 mm/yr、-3.72±0.74 mm/yr和-8.81±0.84mm/yr,表明上海VLBI站存在每年近2毫米的下降,讨论并证实日本鹿岛两VLBI站的地壳垂直形变速率是不一致的;基于不同板块运动模型的欧拉旋转矢量,估计得到了上述3站的水平形变速率;还估计给出了太平洋板块中部的形变率结果.     

乌鲁木齐天文站南山GPS跟踪站的地心坐标精确测定

利用GAMIT软件 ,采用有基准算法对乌鲁木齐南山观测基地新建GPS跟踪站GUAO的观测资料进行了归算 ,结果表明该站观测资料的质量是可靠的 ,并首次获得了该站在ITRF2 0 0 0中毫米级精度的地心坐标     

根据空间大地测量结果建立的中国地壳构造块体的运动模型

本文利用空间大地测量的结果初步建立了中国地壳各构造块体的运动模型,该模型与由地质资料建立的地质学模型相比呈现较好的一致性,反映了中国及邻近地区的板块、亚板块和活动构造块体的水平运动特征和趋势。     

Investigation of the positional instability of reference points for the Simeiz-Katziveli collocation station

We analyze the local geodetic ties between the VLBI, LLR, and GPS reference points of the Simeiz-Katziveli collocation station. The conclusion about the instability of this geodynamic test area is confirmed. We conclude that regular, with a period of 1–2.5 years, redeterminations of the local geodetic ties at this collocation station are necessary. A linear model of the time variation in the estimates of the local geodetic ties is constructed for this test area. The estimates of the local geodetic ties are compared with the differences between the corresponding coordinates of the reference points specified in ITRF2000. We conclude that there are systematic errors in ITRF2000 related to an incorrect determination of the velocities for the reference points of the collocation station with identical DOMES numbers. We suggest assigning different DOMES numbers to the reference points of unstable geodynamic test areas. The estimates of the local geodetic ties are compared with the differences between the corresponding coordinates of the reference points obtained from individual VLBI, LLR, and GPS solutions. These were found to be in disagreement.     

Some results of geodetic referring of the radio telescope and SLR stations to GPS markers in the Crimean geodynamical test area Simeiz-Katsyveli

Positions of space-geodetic instruments are calculated in the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF2000) by referring the instrument reference points to the local geodetic network and GPS markers. The eccentricities of the SLR stations CrAO and CLO and the permanent GPS station CrAO with respect to the reference point of the radio telescope RT-22 are determined. The local relative deformations of the Earth’s surface are presented as shifts of the instrument reference points with respect to the nearest points of the local geodetic network and with respect to each other.     

Weekly inter-technique combination of SLR,VLBI,GPS and DORIS at the solution level

Constructing and maintaining a stable terrestrial reference frame(TRF) is one of the key objectives of fundamental astronomy and geodesy. The datum realization for all the global TRF versions,such as ITRF2014 and its predecessor ITRF2008, assumes linear time evolution for transformation parameters and then imposes some conditions on these Helmert transformation parameters. In this paper,we investigate a new approach, which is based on weekly estimation of station positions and Helmert transformation parameters from a combination of the solutions of four space-geodetic techniques, i.e.,Satellite Laser Ranging(SLR), Very Long Baseline Interferometry(VLBI), Global Positioning System(GPS) and Doppler Orbitography and Radiopositioning Integrated by Satellite(DORIS). For this study,an interval of one week is chosen because the arc length of the SLR solutions is seven days. The major advantage of this weekly estimated reference frame is that both the non-linear station motions and the non-linear origin motion are implicitly taken into account. In order to study the non-linear behavior of station motions and physical parameters, ITRF2008 is used as a reference. As for datum definition of weekly reference frame, on one hand SLR is the unique technique to realize the origin and determine the scale together with VLBI, and on the other hand the orientation is realized via no net rotation with respect to ITRF2005 on a subset of core stations. Given the fact that without enough collocations an inter-technique combined TRF could not exist, the selection and relative weight of local ties surveyed at co-location sites are critical issues. To get stable results, we first assume that, if there were no events such as equipment changes between the measurement epoch of the local tie and that of the spacegeodetic solution, the relative position between the two co-located stations should be invariant and this local tie could be used for computing the inter-technique combined reference frame in those weeks during the stable period of this tie. The resulting time series of both station positions and transformation parameters are studied in detail and are compared with ITRF2008. The residual station positions in the weekly combined reference frame are usually in the range of two millimeters without any periodic characteristic, but the residual station positions, when subtracting the regularized station position in ITRF2008, may reach a magnitude of a few centimeters and seem to have a significant annual signal.The physical parameter series between the weekly reference frame and ITRF2008 also show the obvious existence of an annual signal and reach a magnitude of one centimeter for origin motion and two parts per billion(ppb) for scale.     

Accurate Analytical Calculation of Effects of Rorations of the Central Planet on a Staellite's Orbit

Satellite orbital perturbations due to many rotations of the planet-fixed reference frame are calculated by a general analytical method. For the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) the effects of the Earth irregular rotation, precession, nutation, and polar motion are considered. Gravity coefficients of the Earth potential expansion are expressed in an inertial Celestial Reference Frame (CRF) as functions of the set of standard constant coefficients derived in the ITRF and of the rotation angles between the CRF and ITRF. The analytical motion theory uses time dependent gravity coefficients, and the Lagrange motion equations are integrated in the CRF, as it is done by numerical methods. Comparison of the proposed analytical method with a numerical one is presented. Motion of the ETALON-1 geodetic satellite perturbed by the geopotential (36*36) and by the full effects of the Earth irregular rotation, precession, nutation and polar motion is predicted. The r.m.s. difference between the satellite's coordinates calculated by both methods over a year interval is 2 cm. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

6. Environmental Context

On Earth, the Archaean aeon lasted from 4.0 to 2.5 Ga; it corresponds to a relatively stable period. Compared with today, internal Earth heat production was several times greater resulting in high geothermal flux that induced the genesis of rocks such as komatiites and TTG suites, which are no more generated on Earth since 2.5 Ga. Similarly, the details of plate tectonic modalities (plate size, plate motion rate, plate thickness, tectonic style, irregular crustal growth, etc...) were different of modern plate tectonics. Both atmosphere and ocean compositions have been progressively modified and the greater heat production favoured the development of hydrothermalism and therefore created niches potentially favourable for the development of some forms of life. Catastrophic events such as giant meteorite falls or world-sized glaciations drastically and suddenly changed the environment of Earth surface, thus being able to strongly affect development of life. Even if specialists still debate about the age of the oldest indubitable fossil trace of life, Archaean can be considered as having been extremely favourable for life development and diversification.     

国际地球参考框架:现状与未来

地球参考框架是研究地球整体和局部运动以及探讨地球各圈层运动机制的一个重要基准。简要回顾地球参考架的发展和现状，主要分析当前取得的成绩及其存在问题和局限性，着重提出未来地球参考架的目标和若干建议。