X射线轫致辐射厚靶模型的改进及其在太阳耀斑观测中的应用

本文主要讨论对不同电离度分布厚靶模型的改进以及在耀斑X射线观测中推导非热电子、电离度和靶密度分布的应用.首先改进了太阳物理软件包(Solar SoftWare)中集成的厚靶和薄靶模型通用计算程序.新版程序调整了两个积分的顺序,使其中一个不再需要通过数值积分求解,同时将积分空间由能量调整到其对数空间,从而将运行速度提高了至少10～100倍,且计算精度也有所提高.     

利用TALYS计算太阳耀斑伽玛射线

太阳耀斑伽玛射线能谱是加速粒子与太阳大气介质原子碰撞的结果,它是研究太阳耀斑中加速粒子和高能电子最为直接的手段.通过分析伽玛射线能谱,可以获得耀斑过程中加速粒子的成分、能谱、角分布及太阳大气元素丰度等重要信息.TALYS程序是一套模拟核反应的软件,对核反应过程中的所有信息均能完整地描述.利用TALYS计算得到了完整的太阳耀斑伽玛射线的核反应截面数据,开发了一套新的耀斑伽玛射线谱计算程序.详细介绍了耀斑伽玛射线计算的理论模型,并简单探讨了耀斑伽玛射线的特性,为未来的耀斑伽玛射线能谱分析奠定了理论基础.     

一组高精度的回旋同步加速辐射的近似式

本文对回旋同步加速辐射的发射系数 ην/BN和吸收系数KνB/N作了精确的数值计算 ,采用幂指数δ为电子能谱指数δ的多项式的幂函数拟合 ,获得了一组新的 ην/BN和KνB/N的近似式 ,在大多数爆发出现的δ和谐波系数S(=ν/νB)范围内 ,其精度好于±7%和± 1 7% ,比幂指数为δ的线性拟合的相应精度改善很多     

修正的Neupert效应

Neupert效应的定性描述是耀斑中脉冲分量(硬X射线、微波暴)与渐变分量(软X射线发射)之间存在的因果关系,即耀斑最初的能量是以加速粒子的形式释放,加速的电子在大气传输过程中产生非热硬X射线轫致辐射,并加热大气,耀斑软X射线发射是高能粒子注入大气的响应.根据经典Neupert效应的定量描述,硬X射线发射(表征非热电子注入)结束时软X射线应该立刻达到极大,但以往的观测发现一些耀斑软X射线峰值时间(t2)明显晚于硬X射线结束时间(t1)(τ=t2–t1,τ 0),热与非热辐射之间存在明显的偏离经典Neupert效应的情况.为了研究偏离经典Neupert效应的事件,在2002—2015年间的RHESSI (Reuven Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager)和GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites)耀斑列表中,按照在25–50 keV范围内光变较简单、软X射线有对应发射峰等判据,共选择276个耀斑样本,统计了这些耀斑的τ分布、环长d (用双足点源之间的距离来表征)与τ的关系.结果显示:(1)有227个耀斑τ 0,即有约82%的耀斑偏离经典Neupert效应;(2)τ与d之间存在一定的线性相关,即环越长,软X射线极大的时间越延后;(3)似乎存在一个临界距离,当环长小于临界距离时,经典Neupert效应成立.这些结果印证了修正Neupert效应的必要性,并对其物理意义进行了讨论.     

黑洞候选体X射线双星CygX-1长期谱变化的研究

利用Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer(RXTE)卫星从1996年1月5日到2005年5月1日的all-sky monitor(ASM,1.5-12KeV)资料,详细分析了黑洞候选体X射线双星Cyg X-1在A-band(1.5-3KeV),B-band(3-5KeV)和C-band(5-12KeV)三个能段上光子计数率与谱线硬度比HR2(5-12KeV/3-5KeV)的相关性.利用1天时标的ASM资料研究发现: (1)Cyg X-1处于软态时,在A-band上光子计数率与硬度比HR2呈现反相关性,而在B-band和C-band上呈现正相关性.当该天体处于硬态时,在A、B、C三个能段上光子计数率与硬度比HR2都是反相关的.(2)Cyg X-1处于硬态和软态时,硬度比HR2与HR1都是正相关的.此外,还分析了ASM上"Dwell by Dwell"资料,得到了十分有趣的结果,即: (1)MJD=52600-52760期间(此时Cyg X-1处于硬态),A-band和B-band上的光子计数率与HR2是反相关性的,而在C-band上却呈现出较强的正相关性. (2)硬态时,硬度比HR2与HR1存在明显的反相关性.     

宇宙微波背景辐射极化的近似解析公式

在宇宙早期的退耦过程中，光子与电子发生Thompson散射．光子气体空间分布的各向异性通过Thompson散射而产生宇宙微波背景辐射的极化，并为最近WMAP观测到．从光子气体的Boltzmann方程出发，采用一般的光深函数，分别积分给出原初密度扰动和残余引力波产生的微波背景辐射极化的近似解析解，结果适用于一般的复合过程．密度扰动FS所产生极化的近似解析解为βS≌-CFs(Td)ΔTd，其中Td和△Td分别为退耦时刻和退耦宽度，系数C≌(0．08—0．12)，明显依赖于复合模型．残余引力波扰动FT产生极化的积分稍微复杂，在长波近似下我们对原初扰动按波数进行幂级数展开，保留到两项FT≌FT^(1) FT(2)，分别积分，给出近似解析解βT≌-[CFT^(1)(Td) DFT^(2)(Td)]ΔTd.第一项的极化与密度扰动类似，结论也相同；但第二项的系数D≌(0．22—0．32)，远大于系数C，我们的近似解析解有助于理解背景辐射的温度一极化交叉关联和检测残余引力波对背景辐射各向异性的贡献．     

强磁场中的逆Compton散射与γ射线爆能谱

本文认为强磁场中的逆Compton散射可能是γ射线爆的主要辐射机制.其能谱是由源区质子产生的低频光子经强磁场中非热电子的Compton散射形成的.我们利用非相对论情形(B/B_(cr)≤1,hv_i/m_ec~2≤1)下强磁场中的Compton散射微分截面,导出了上述Compton散射的辐射谱公式,由此很好地拟合了典型γ射线爆GB811016的观测能谱.     

空间太阳硬X射线成像仪量能器读出电子学设计

先进天基太阳天文台(ASO-S)是中国科学院空间科学先导专项2期规划的太阳观测卫星,其针对第25个太阳活动峰年,同时观测太阳磁场、日冕物质抛射和太阳耀斑爆发.硬X射线成像仪(HXI)作为该卫星3个科学载荷之一,实现了高时间分辨率和空间分辨率的太阳硬X射线成像观测,其量能器由99套溴化镧闪烁晶体-光电倍增管探测单元和读出电子学板构成,实现了30–200 keV的硬X射线光子能谱测量.针对HXI量能器的观测需求,设计了一套空间高事例率读出电子学系统,并通过实验室测试,证明了该系统单事例读出死时间小于2μs,同时验证了该系统电子学噪声小于120 fC,积分非线性小于2%,满足HXI仪器要求.     

太阳爆发探测小卫星高能暴谱仪

太阳爆发探测小卫星(Small Explorer for Solar Eruptions,简称SMESE)是中国法国合作小卫星.SMESE计划在下一个太阳活动峰年(-2011年)发射上天,同时观测太阳上两类最剧烈爆发现象:耀斑和日冕物质抛射(CME),瞄准当代科学的前沿课题,同时兼顾空间天气学的应用需要.高能暴谱仪(High Energy Burst Spectrometer,简称HEBS)是太阳爆发探测小卫星上3大主要载荷之一,采用世界最新高能量分辨LaBr3闪烁探测器,观测太阳10 keV-600 MeV的高能辐射.其能量分辨优于3.0%@662 keV,高于目前通用闪烁探测器的2倍以上,可望在耀斑和CMEs的能量释放,粒子加速,以及耀斑和CMEs之间的关系研究方面取得突破.     

太阳硬X射线成像望远镜模拟研究

调制准直器型太阳硬X射线成像望远镜是目前较为通用的太阳观测设备.空间调制望远镜是基于中心轴不旋转的望远镜,适用于3轴稳定的卫星.针对我国可能的太阳观测计划,给出并比较了两组空间调制望远镜的配置方案,然后利用GEANT4高能物理通用软件模拟实际光子的计数情况,使用MATLAB实现图像重建.比较模拟光子计数得到的重建图与几...     

Fast Calculation of Integration of Bremsstrahlung Radiation from Electrons with Power-law Distribution

Since the SSW (Solar Soft Ware) has been developed to the version 2, in comparison with the version 1 the performance of the integration calculation of the Bremsstrahlung radiation caused by high-energy electrons is improved. On the basis of the version 2 of SSW, we have made further improvement on the integration calculation. The comparison between a few schemes of Bremsstrahlung integration shows that our final scheme is faster than the version 2 for 2∼5 times. Compared with the version 1 and version 2 of SSW, the integration accuracy has been also improved a lot, even under the default control accuracy there will be no spikes appearing in photon spectra. In addition, the time consumption of integration is no longer sensitive to the upper limit of the integration. The improvement of the integration performance enables the accurate Bremsstrahlung cross-section be used to calculate the Bremsstrahlung integration. Compared with the result of approximate Bremsstrahlung cross-section, the result of accurate Bremsstrahlung cross-section gives a little smaller photon flux (≤4%), and the integration time increases about 30%.     

基于深度学习的太阳F_10.7辐射通量的短期预报研究

F_10.7太阳辐射通量作为输入参数被广泛运用于大气经验模型、电离层模型等空间环境模型,其预报精度直接影响航天器轨道预报精度.采用时间序列法统计了太阳辐射通量F10.7指数和太阳黑子数(SSN)的关系,给出了两者之间的线性关系,在此基础上提出了一种基于长短时记忆神经网络(Long and Short Term Memory,LSTM)的预报方法,方法结合了54 d太阳辐射通量指数和SSN历史数据来对F_10.7进行未来7 d短期预报,并与其他预报方法的预报结果进行了比较,结果表明:(1)所建短期预报7 d方法模型的性能优于美国空间天气预报中心(Space Weather Prediction Center, SWPC)的方法,预测值和观测值的相关系数(CC)达到0.96,同时其均方根误差约为11.62个太阳辐射通量单位(sfu),预报结果的均方根误差(RMSE)低于SWPC,下降约11%;(2)对预测的23、24周太阳活动年结果统计表明,太阳活动高年的第7 d F10.7指数预报平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE)最优可达12.9%以内,低年最优可达2...     

太阳活动周期的小波分析

运用小波技术对太阳射电流量2800 MHz,太阳黑子数和太阳黑子面积数周期进行分析．其结果表明: (1)这3个系列的数据显示最显著的周期是10．69年,其他周期并不明显．(2)小波功率谱给出了全部时间-周期范围的功率谱变化,它显示了在某个周期处于某个时段的局部功率的变化,小波功率谱分析表明,小于1年的周期仅仅在太阳活动最大期附近比较明显．(3)太阳射电2800 MHz,太阳黑子数和太阳黑子面积数的几个周期(10．69年,5．11年, 155．5天)的小波功率谱比较相似,出现峰值的时间相同;曲线的起伏相似,周期越小,曲线起伏的频率越大．     

An Observational Study on Coronal Hard X-ray Sources in Flares

Observational studies on solar ?ares with footpoints partially occulted by the solar limb provide an important method for diagnostics of coronal hard X-ray emissions. The statistics of hard X-ray sources in 71 such ?ares observed by RHESSI (Reuven Ramaty High-Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager) show that the two kinds of hard X-ray sources proposed in previous studies (i.e., the sources with respectively a smaller and larger spatial separations between the thermal and non-thermal sources of coronal hard X-ray emissions) have no evident difference in the aspects of their photon spectra, images, light curves, GOES durations, etc. The area of the radiation region, the ?are's total thermal energy and GOES duration are well correlated with the distance of separation. These results support some uni?ed models of solar ?ares proposed in recent years, and indicate that the Masuda ?are is only a kind of special event, which does not possess the general features of coronal hard X-ray emissions     

The Calculation of Solar Gamma-Rays by TALYS

Solar gamma-ray lines, produced from nuclear reactions of accelerated particles interacting with the solar atmospheric medium, are the most direct diagnosis for the acceleration and transportation of energetic electrons and ions in solar flares. Much information about composition, spectrum, and angular distribution of the accelerated ions, as well as the elemental abundances of the ambient solar atmosphere can be derived from solar gamma-ray line spectra. A new gamma-ray calculation program has been developed by using an efficient nuclear code − TALYS. The theory of gamma-ray production in solar flares is treated in detail. The characteristics of gamma-ray spectrum are also presented.     

A New Solar Radio Spectrometer at 1.10-2.06 GHz and First Observational Results

An improved Solar Radio Spectrometer working at 1.10-2.06 GHz with much improved spectral and temporal resolution, has been accomplished by the National Astronomical Observatories and Hebei Semiconductor Research Institute, based on an old spectrometer at 1-2 GHz. The new spectrometer has a spectral resolution of 4 MHz and a temporal resolution of 5ms, with an instantaneous detectable range from 0.02 to 10 times of the quiet Sun flux. It can measure both left and right circular polarization with an accuracy of 10% in degree of polarization. Some results of preliminary observations that could not be recorded by the old spectrometer at 1-2 GHz are presented.     

太阳辐射压摄动计算的新进展

介绍了一种新的建立太阳辐射压摄动模型的方法,即Ｖｏｋｒｏｕｈｌｉｃｋｙ等人提出的方法。该方法以辐射转移方程为基本数学工具,并运用相应的物理概念,通过对太阳辐射场强和辐射流量的计算来求出太阳辐射压摄动。此方法既适用于卫星处于地球半影区内和地球阴影之外的情形,也适用于地球反照辐射压的计算。还介绍了该方法的一些计算结果,并简单评述了其不足之处。     

A Research on the Physical Features of Coronal Loop Oscillations

Observations of the solar full-disk were carried out by the Atmo- spheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) with the Fe IX 171 Å line on 16th October 2010. The obtained high-quality data permit us to elaborate on the coronal loop oscillations. It is found that a major flare of GOES (Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite) class M_2.9 occurred in the active region NOAA 1112 during this period, which triggered a number of coronal loops on the solar surface to oscillate. Among them, there are two coronal loops exhibiting oscillations with different physical features. The oscillation of the coronal loop located at W₄₉₂/S₁₇₀ is a simple harmonic oscillation with a period of 385_s, which abides by the oscillating equation of x = 2.2 sin[2π/385(t–768)], while the other located at W559/S142 is a damping oscillation with a period of 449s, and the oscillating equation is expressed by x = 24.8e - 2π/343 t sin[2π/449(t–1128)], where t is the observational time in units of second.     

Statistical Characteristics of Sunspot Umbra Oscillations in the Ca Bandtwo

A group of successive evolutionary images of a sunspot were observed on 4th March 2014 at the Ca II H (396.85 nm) line by the telescope on board of the Hinode satellite. The calculated oscillation period of the sample point in the umbra is 149.75 s by using the Jurkevich (JK) method. A proper averaged value of the intensity profile is selected as the steady background radiation, then the distribution of the extreme values of oscillations in the umbra is analyzed by a statistical method. The results show that the valley values follow a normal distribution, while the peak values satisfy a partial normal distribution. The distribution of these extreme values indicates that the 3 min oscillation of the umbra may be caused by the propagation of a traveling wave with a period of about 5 min in the umbra. The variation of light intensity caused by the traveling wave may be proportional to the square of the displacement of the traveling wave, resulting in a 3 min period of the light intensity, which is one half of the period of traveling wave.     

Features of the Solar Active Cycles

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