Li-Paczyński新新星的研究进展(Ⅱ):观测

在Li-Paczynski新星(LP新星)模型被提出以及短暴的余辉被确认后,人们就积极地在短暴的光学(或光学-近红外)对应体中寻找LP新星存在的证据。第2章总结2013年之前的观测结果。第3、4章分别介绍短暴GRB 130603B、GRB 060614的基本性质与它们的近红外对应体的解释,它们的近红外超可能是LP新星存在的信号。第5章介绍短暴GRB 080503的基本性质以及它的光学对应体与X射线对应体的解释,它的光学与X射线光变曲线的晚期再增亮被解释为中子星并合之后的磁星加热的喷射物辐射(Merger-Nova辐射)。如果对于以上短暴伴随的光学-近红外对应物的解释正确,那么它们就给出了短暴与一些特殊的长暴来自致密星并合的第一批证据。除产生LP新星(与Merger-Novae)外,致密星并合之前的高速轨道运动与并合自身都将产生强烈的引力波暴(Gravitational-Wave Bursts,GWBs)。随着引力波时代的到来,致密星并合对应的各种电磁波现象的理论研究与观测受到更加密集的关注。由于引力波暴定位的不确定性较大,因此伴随引力波暴的LP新星可以作为引力波暴精确定位的最佳候选者之一。正在快速发展的高频度宽场光学-近红外巡天将对LP新星等现象进行富有成效的探索,并与引力波探测研究互相影响。因此,我们在最后介绍未来探测LP新星的方法及其多信使探测的前景。     

Swift时代伽玛射线暴及其余辉的多波段研究

<正>伽玛射线暴(简称伽玛暴)是一种来自太空任意方向的伽玛射线(ε_γ≈0.1～1 MeV)脉冲式辐射现象,暴后一般伴随有长时间的低频余辉辐射.为了对早期余辉乃至瞬时辐射进行多波段观测,美国国家航空航天局(NASA)于2004年11月发射了专门用于伽玛暴研究的Swift卫星.该卫星工作以来,以其快速响应与精确定位的能力和多波段观测的手段取得了一系列令人瞩目的成就(本文第1章将对     

当前超新星遗迹研究中的若干热点问题

对银河系内历史性超新星"回光"(light echoes)的观测是研究年轻超新星遗迹的重要手段。通过对"回光"进行观测,可以确认其前身星的物理特性,揭示恒星晚期演化过程和其星周介质的三维空间分布。历史性超新星直接"回光"极其暗弱,对其探测最近几年才因新技术的应用而得以实现。综述了河内超新星遗迹包括仅有的已探测到回光现象的两颗年轻超新星遗迹——第谷(SN1572)和仙后座A(CasA)的最新研究进展。研究结果有利于更好地理解Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型超新星的性质,区别两类超新星的爆发机制,加深对超新星的核合成、重元素合成、星系形成和演化、暗能量等的了解。讨论了利用回光观测可以进一步深入开展的研究课题。     

具平缓电子能谱的伽玛射线暴的解析光变曲线

在标准的伽玛暴余辉模型中,电子通过费米一级加速后形成单幂律能谱分布dn/dγe∝γe-p(p≈2.3),但在某些伽玛暴事件中观测到了平缓的电子能谱分布(即p＜2).在单幂律谱和分段幂律谱两种情况下,分别给出了具有平缓电子能谱的伽玛暴余辉的解析光变曲线,并以GRB 060908为例进行了讨论.同时提出了伽玛暴低能谱危机的...     

毫秒磁星作为伽玛射线暴中心引擎的研究

正伽玛暴是一种短时标的高能光子爆发现象.通常把持续时间短于～2 s的暴称为短暴,长于～2 s的暴称为长暴.大量观测已经证实,长暴起源于大质量恒星的塌缩,因而与超新星成协.短暴最可能的起源是致密双星并合.目前,伽玛暴研究的一个核心问题是确定其中心引擎究竟为黑洞还是中子星.本文第1章详细阐述了相关进展.数值模拟发现黑洞可产生相对论喷流,因而可作为伽玛暴的中心引擎.然而,有一些观测特征似乎     

磁星能量注入模型拟合伽玛射线暴X射线余辉光变曲线

某些伽玛射线暴(简称伽玛暴)的中心致密天体可能是一颗具有强磁场的毫秒脉冲星,它通过磁偶极辐射可对伽玛暴外激波注入能量,从而导致早期余辉光变曲线的变平.近年来,从Swift卫星观测到的大量伽玛暴X射线余辉中发现,很多X射线余辉光变曲线在暴后10~2～10~4s期间的确存在明显的变平现象.利用周期为毫秒量级的磁星能量注入模型对11个加玛暴的X射线余辉光变曲线进行了拟合,显示该模型在解释余辉变平现象上的有效性和广泛性,通过对余辉光变曲线的拟合,同时也给出了相关中心磁星的磁场强度和旋转周期.     

伽玛射线暴及其余辉研究进展

伽玛射线暴是一种来自宇宙空间随机方向的短时间内伽玛射线突然增亮的现象。伽玛射线暴虽然早在1967年就由Vela卫星观测到,但直到1997年人们才通过余辉观测确定其寄主星系,并通过寄主星系的红移最终确定了伽玛射线暴的宇宙学起源。对伽玛射线暴研究概况进行了评述:详细介绍了伽玛射线暴及其余辉的观测进展,特别是近期Swift卫星和Fermi卫星带来的新发现;系统描述了伽玛射线暴标准火球模型、伽玛射线暴余辉物理(相对论性外流与暴周环境介质的相互作用过程、辐射产生机制等)及伽玛射线暴的前身星等。也对伽玛射线暴的未来研究进行了展望。     

γ暴研究的重大突破：余辉的发现与观测研究

由于BeppoSAX卫星的独特贡献,最近观测到了若于Υ暴在X射线、光学甚至射电波段上的对应体,一度陷入困境的Υ暴研究再次取得了突破性的进展。目前已经观测到了Υ暴GRB970228持续六个月以上的光学余辉,发现它可能位于一个暗弱的宿主星系中;GRB970508的光学余辉有较为复杂的表现,并测出其红移范围0．85＜z＜2．1。在该暴发生约五、六天之后,还观测到了射电耀发现象。观测上的重大突破比较有力地支持了Υ暴的宇宙学起源及火球模型。     

致密介质中柱状喷流的伽玛射线暴余辉

很多伽玛射线暴应当是产生于极端相对论性的喷流.关于喷流,绝大多数的讨论都是围绕锥状喷流展开.然而有观测发现,一些天体中的喷流在很长距离上始终保持着几乎不变的截面积,即表现为柱状喷流.研究致密介质环境中有侧向膨胀的柱状喷流的余辉,描述其动力学演化和辐射过程,分别得到解析解和数值解,并对两者进行了对比.研究的暴周星际介质是光学厚的,在初始的主暴阶段,喷流辐射出高度准直的高能射线,升华了暴周介质,形成一个在光学波段光学薄的柱状通道.余辉阶段,由于喷流是有侧向膨胀的,观测者只能收集到视觉面积占比例越来越小的光学辐射,理论上可得到衰减极为快速的光变曲线,流量随时间的衰减约为Svα t-p-1(p为电子幂律分布的谱指数).如此迅速的衰减使得光学余辉将难以被观测到,提供了一种对暗伽玛射线暴的解释.     

不同天文观测对宇宙学模型的限制

正1998年,科学家们通过对Ia型超新星的观测研究,发现了宇宙在加速膨胀,揭示了暗能量的存在.该发现使得宇宙学成为当今物理学的研究热点.宇宙学是一门高度依赖于观测事实的学科,利用各类天文观测数据来限制不同的宇宙学理论模型是现代宇宙学的一项重要研究工作.本论文的主要研究内容是利用不同的天文观测来限制宇宙学.这些天文观测包括Ia型超新星、超亮的Ic型超新星、伽玛射线暴、强引力透镜、星系团的角直径距离以及星系年龄.本文第1章简要回顾     

Anomalous mixing of the w2Po3/2 and x6Po3/2 levels in Fe ii

The neighbouring lines a ⁶D_5/2– x ⁶P^o_3/2 (1272.617 Å) and a ⁶D_5/2– w ²P^o_3/2 (1272.657 Å) have been observed in the UV spectrum of χ Lupi to be of comparable intensity. The latter, Δ S  = 2, transition would be expected to be very weak. The two upper states should display negligible mixing. We give a detailed, quantitative discussion of how the two upper states are in fact strongly mixed through their mixing with 3d⁶(³D)4p ⁴P^o_3/2, and hence we explain the relative strengths of the two UV lines.     

Changes in the frequency distribution of f0Es and fbEs over two solar cycles

The dependence of the occurrence probabilities of ionosonde sporadic-E parameters f₀E_s and f_bE_s on probing frequency is analyzed for wintertime for day and night for two Southern Hemisphere stations. The ionosonde data indicate that significant changes have taken place over the period 1958–1983 suggesting that E_s has become increasingly dense and also less patchy.     

A global study of O2(1Δg) airglow: Day and twilight

Aircraft measurements of $\text{O}{}_2\text{(}{}^1\text{Δ}{}_{\mathrm{g}}\text{)}$ emission made over a 10-yr period provide information on the variation of ozone with latitude and season in the altitude region 50–90 km. Between 50 and 70 km there appears to be little variation (< ± 25%) whereas the abundance between 80 and 90 km exhibits a large seasonal change north of 30°N and much less at lower latitude. At mid and high latitude the column abundance above ～ 80 km changes from ? 1 × 10¹⁴ cm^?2 in summer to about 3 × 10¹⁴ cm^?2 in winter. There are occasional enhancements in both the day and twilight airglow which almost always occur in association with auroral activity or, at least, where such activity is statistically most likely. These enhancements appear to reflect a corresponding increase in the ozone mixing ratio in the upper stratosphere. While the gradient in ozone mixing ratio with latitude is generally small at altitudes between 50 and 90km there are occasions when a temporary latitude structure can be seen, particularly above 80 km.     

Class II maser candidates in substituted methanol: CH3OD, 13CH3OH, CH318OH and CH3SH

We investigate the possibility of interstellar masers in transitions of the methanol isotopomers CH₃OD, ¹³CH₃OH and CH₃¹⁸OH, and of CH₃SH. The model used, in which masers are pumped through the first and second torsionally excited states by IR radiation, has accounted successfully for the Class II masers in main species methanol, ¹²CH₃¹⁶OH. Several potential maser candidates are identified for CH₃OD, their detectability depending on the enrichment of this species in star-forming regions. In ¹³CH₃OH and CH₃¹⁸OH the best maser candidates are direct counterparts of the well-known 6.7- and 12.2-GHz methanol masers, but the lower interstellar abundance of these substituted species means that the expected brightness is greatly reduced. The maser candidates in CH₃SH are also weak. By comparing these species we find that the large b -component of the dipole moment in methanol plays a significant role in its propensity to form masers, as does the strong torsion–rotation interaction due to the light hydroxyl frame. Thus the exceptional brightness of interstellar methanol masers is due to a favourable combination of molecular properties as well as high interstellar abundance.     

A discussion of the energy transfer from N2(A3Σu+) to O(1S) in pulsating aurora

In a recent paper, Brekke and Pettersen (1972) have introduced a method for estimating any indirect process in the production of the $\text{O}\text{(}{}^1\text{S}$) atoms in pulsating aurora; for 38 per cent of their data they found that the decay time for the indirect mechanism was shorter than the effective lifetime of the ${}^1\text{S}$ state. These data are related to the energy transfer from the N₂(A³Σ) molecules to the $\text{O}\text{(}{}^1\text{S)}$ state, and evidence is found for this process to contribute in the altitude range below 125 km.     

Estimated conductivity ratio ∑H∑P in the auroral electrojets in connection with electrojet width and field-aligned currents

By using ground based magnetic observations and by assuming a three-dimensional current system model the conductivity ratio $\text{∑}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>H</mtext>}}\text{∑}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>P</mtext>}}$ is calculated for several substorms. It is shown that this ratio decreases when the field aligned current intensity is enhanced. The enhancement is connected with a broadening of the electrojet region.     

On determining magnetohydrodynamic shock parameters θBn and MA

In a collisionless plasma, the magnetohydrodynamic shock structure, the associated waves and turbulence depend strongly on the shock parameters θ_Bn and M_A, where θ_Bn is the angle between the upstream magnetic field and the shock normal and M_A is the upstream Alfvén Mach-number. A method is given to determine θ_Bn and M_A and their estimated errors for all types of shocks without knowing the shock normals. The only measured quantities needed to determine θ_Bn and M_A are the plasma density and magnetic field on both sides of the shock. The estimated error of θ_Bn using our method can be obtained in a straightforward manner and is more reliable than that based on the calculated shock normal and the upstream magnetic field. Its simplicity and ability to handle parallel shocks as well as perpendicular and oblique shocks are illustrated by examples. This method should be useful for characterizing the types of shocks from analyzing the copious amount of data on magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) shocks found in space.     

Ground-based observations of O2 (b1Σ+g−X3Σ−g) atmospheric bands in high latitude auroras

Analysis of observed spectrograms is based on comparison with synthetic spectra. The O₂(b¹Σ⁺_g?X³Σ^?_g Atm. (1,1) band in high latitude auroras observed from the ground is found to be the strongest in the Δv = 0 sequence. It is enhanced with altitude relative to the N₂ 1P(2, 0)and N⁺₂ M(2,0) bands, but the O₂ Atm. (2, 2) band has an unexpected low intensity. The range of rotational temperatures of the O₂ Atm. bands varies from approx. 200 to above 500 K which indicates that the altitude of the centroid of the emission region varies from about 100 km to the F-region. The highest temperature is found in the midday aurora associated with the magnetospheric cusp. Conspicuous relative variations between the intensities of N₂ and O₂ spectra are documented, but a satisfactory explanation of the variety is not given. Deviations of the observed O₂ Atm. band intensities from the vibrational intensity distribution predicted by Franck-Condor factors indicate that the excitation of the O₂ Atm. bands in aurora is not mainly due to particle impact on O₂, and the contribution due to energy transfer from hot O(¹D) atoms has to be found in future research.     

The semiannual variation in the magnetic activity indices Aa and Ap

The technique of Complex Demodulation is used to examine the long-term modulation of the semiannual variation in planetary magnetic activity as characterised by the A_a index for 1868–1980 and the A_p index for 1932–1980. From the phase results, strong support is found for an “equinoctial” mechanism for the semiannual variation. The amplitude shows a quasi 11 -year modulation for most of the period of analysis and a pronounced increase over the years 1938–1966 approximately. Comparison of the long-term modulation of the semiannual variation in activity, with that of the occurrence of stormy days suggests that the semiannual modulation is energy dependent, being more effective with increasing energy.