台站迁移对甘肃省气温记录均一性影响的检验

针对气象台站气温观测资料序列存在站址迁移可能造成的资料非均一性影响,利用环县等6个站址迁移气象站的逐年平均气温、平均最高气温、平均最低气温序列,采用SNHT(标准正态检验)客观分析方法,结合6个气象站的元数据及历史沿革资料等信息进行主观分析,对因迁站造成的气温序列不均一性进行检验,表明站址迁移对气温资料影响较大,并且因地理地形环境而有所差异。结果表明:台站迁移后造成新旧站址的地理环境差异显著且海拔高度差异过大,是引起气温序列非均一性的主要原因。地理环境、气候条件相似的台站迁移对气温资料的均一性无明显影响。     

绵阳站气温均一化检验及初步分析

为了对绵阳站气温序列进行细致的均一化检验,利用1961-2010年绵阳及周边共14个观测站的年平均气温观测资料,选取了与绵阳站水平距离近、海拔高度差异小、相关性高、气温序列完整并服从正态分布、无明显突变点的4个站点,通过差值法建立被检验序列,再采用标准正态检验方法对其进行均一性检验。结果表明：1961-2010年,绵阳站的年平均气温序列共有1962、1975、1992和2002年4个断点。其中1962年和2002年这2个断点均是由于绵阳站的迁站造成,1975年断点的产生可能是因其附近年份的每日定点观测次数由4次增加到5次,1992年断点则主要是由于该年1、2、3、6月的气温偏低所致。     

达州市气候变化的特征分析

基于达县测站1961-2007年的地面常规观测资料,主要采用小波分析,结合趋势分析、功率谱分析等方法分析了达州市47年来近地表气温、降水随时间的变化特征.结果表明,达州市近50年来冬季(年平均)地表气温变暖幅度约为0.9℃(0.4℃),增温速率接近0.18℃/10a(0.08℃/10a),低于全球的升温幅度.利用小波分析方法研究冬季气温的周期性发现,达州市的冬季气温存在着明显的8年和50年以上的特征时间尺度和周期性振荡.通过对降水的趋势分析发现,夏季降水的增加幅度比年均显著.小波分析方法结果显示达州市的夏季降水同样存在50年以上的特征时间尺度,但在小尺度上20世纪70年代末前后存在不同的变化特征.     

广东汕尾近40年以来气温的变化特征

根据汕尾地区汕尾、海丰、陆丰站1960—1999年的气温序列资料,采用线性趋势、累积距平、小波分析以及Mann-Kendall突变检验等方法对汕尾地区气温变化特征进行了分析,结果表明：40年来汕尾地区存在暖-冷-暖3个气候变化阶段。年季平均气温均呈上升趋势,尤其在1980年代中期以后升温更为明显;四季升温率以冬季最为显著。在不同冷、暖阶段,冷、暖年（季）出现的年数差异很大,其中异常冷年均出现在1980年前,异常暖年均出现在1990年后。年平均最高气温与最低气温同年平均气温一样均呈升高趋势。但不同站点的气温变化仍有一定差异。年平均气温汕尾站存在2—3a、6—7a、准12a周期,海丰站存在准7a与14—16a周期,陆丰存在准1．5a、准2．5a、5—7a、准16a周期,MK检验发现汕尾平均气温在1998年发生突变,其他两站的突变发生在1997年。     

什邡50年气温变化特征及回归分析

利用什邡市1959—2008年逐日气温资料,采用一元线性回归及5年滑动平均,Mann．Kendall法（M-K）等方法,研究分析了什邡市50年来气温年际变化特征。结果显示：（1）气温以0．13℃／10a的趋势变暖,50年平均上升了0．6℃到0．7℃,其中四季存在显著差异,秋季变暖趋势最明显达0．21℃／10a,春季次之为0．13℃／10a,冬季为0．11℃／10a,夏季最不明显。（2）年平均气温在21世纪初期均有明显变暖突变。     

中国北部地区卫星积雪产品数据集检验

同其他卫星相比,NOAA卫星搭载的AVHRR积雪产品,具有长达10 a的长时间序列数据集,能够应用于长时间、较大区域范围的积雪覆盖变化分析。由于不同卫星使用的反演算法,波谱宽度和大气订正等不完全相同,故需对不同卫星积雪产品数据集进行一致性检验,将卫星积雪产品更好地应用于气候分析研究。本文采用一种新的评估方法,对空间分辨率为0.05^o×0.05^o的AVHRR积雪产品与IMS和MOD10A1积雪产品,分别在空间和时间变化上进行对比分析,对AVHRR积雪产品数据集进行检验,发现AVHRR与MODIS积雪产品具有较好的一致性。     

基于共性误差的CORS站坐标时间序列分析

以某省9个CORS站点为例,采用区域叠加滤波法提取CORS站坐标时间序列中的共性误差;然后,计算剔除共性误差前后TEST站坐标时间序列的周期功率谱图,分析共性误差对坐标时间序列的影响;最后,利用最大似然法确定顾及共性误差的CORS站坐标时间序列噪声模型。结果表明,CORS站坐标时间序列的3个坐标分量具有不同的噪声性质。     

近40年来中国大陆地表气温变化估算

 本文对近20年来中国地表气温变化估算方法进行了全面的总结,并对不同研究者所采用的资料、时间尺度及研究结果进行了对比分析。结合当前国际上应用较多的几种升温估算方法,本文以1970-2007年的气温数据为基础,分别应用直接算术平均法、逐站计算法、区域面积加权法、一级差分法和空间插值法,对中国大陆近40年的升温幅度分别进行了估算,从结果的对比分析中揭示中国地表气温变化估算中存在的不确定性:中国大陆地区近40年来的增温趋势在0.30~0.43℃/10a之间,升温幅度在1.16~1.56℃之间;冬季升温最为显著,夏季升温最少;整体上北方升温幅度高于南方。不同计算方法计算得到的增温速率在绝对值上有着一定差异,但整体趋势是相同的。     

西北干旱区近50年气候变化特征与趋势

20世纪后期全球增暖趋势越来越明显,受全球增暖的影响,西北地区的气候也将受到不同程度的影响。选取了西北干旱区1951～2000年的21个代表站点气温、降水量资料,采用趋势系数法对西北干旱区近50年气温和降水变化进行分析,找出各分区的变化趋势。结果表明:近50年西北干旱区气温呈上升趋势(0.22℃/10 a),1986年后气温明显升高;柴达木盆地和新疆北部升温较大;各季都有增温趋势,贡献最大的是秋冬两季。降水变化有增加的趋势(3.2 mm/10 a),年降水量贡献最大的是夏季;各区降水都有增加,其中新疆北部降水增加最多。西北干旱区近50年气温升高趋势是南北高,中间低;降水量增加趋势从东南向西北呈现递增的格局。     

广东汛期蒸发皿蒸发量变化趋势及气象影响因子的通径分析

选取广东省86个气象观测站的观测资料,采用气候趋势分析和通径分析方法,对广东省1961～2003年小型蒸发皿蒸发量及其相关气象影响因子进行了分析。结果表明:虽然汛期广东省整体平均蒸发量呈下降趋势,前汛期、后汛期线性倾向率分别为-15.86 mm/10a和-13.79 mm/10a;但变化趋势在广东省内空间分布并不均匀,前汛期、后汛期粤东、中部部分地区分别有16、12个站呈上升趋势;前汛期6种气象因子单独对蒸发的决定程度按大小依次为:日照时数>气温>风速>降水>饱和差>气温日较差,后汛期6种气象因子单独对蒸发的决定程度按大小依次为:日照时数>降水>饱和差>风速>气温>气温日较差,整个汛期日照时数与其它各要素的协同作用对蒸发皿蒸发量的决定作用都很大。日照时数和风速总体上的下降是导致广东省汛期蒸发皿蒸发量逐年减少的重要原因。     

Trends in temperature and precipitation extremes over Circum-Bohai-Sea region, China

Trends in temperature and precipitation extremes from 1961 to 2008 have been investigated over Circum-Bohai-Sea region,China using daily temperature and precipitation data of 63 meteorological stations.The re-sults show that at most stations,there is a significant increase in the annual frequency of warm days and warm nights,as well as a significant decrease in the annual frequency of cold days,cold nights,frost days,and annual diurnal temperature range(DTR).Their regional averaged changes are 2.06 d/10yr,3.95 d/10yr,-1.88 d/10yr,-4.27 d/10yr,-4.21 d/10yr and-0.20℃/10yr,respectively.Seasonal changes display similar patterns to the annual results,but there is a large seasonal difference.A significant warming trend is detected at both annual and seasonal scales,which is more contributed by changes of indices defined by daily minimum temperature than those defined by daily maximum tem-perature.For precipitation indices,the regional annual extreme precipitation displays a weak decrease in terms of magnitude and frequency,i.e.extreme precipitation days(RD95p),intensity(RINTEN),proportion(RPROP) and maximum consecutive wet days(CWD),but a slight increase in the maximum consecutive dry days(CDD),which are consistent with changes of annual total precipitation(PRCPTOT).Seasonally,PRCPTOT and RD95p both exhibit an increase in spring and a decrease in other seasons with the largest decrease in summer,but generally not significant.In summary,this study shows a pronounced warming tendency at the less rainy period over Circum-Bohai-Sea region,which may affect regional economic development and ecological protection to some extent.     

Multiple time scale analysis of river runoff using wavelet transform for Dagujia River Basin, Yantai, China

Based on monOdy river runoff and meteorological data, a method of Morlet wavelet transform was used to analyze the multiple time scale characteristics of river runoffin the Dagnjia River Basin, Yantai City, Shandong Province. The results showed that the total annual river runoff in the Dagujia River Basin decreased significantly from 1966 to 2004, and the rate of decrease was 48×106m3/10yr, which was higher than the mean value of most rivers in China. Multiple time scale characteristics existed, which accounted for different aspects of the changes in annual river runoff, and the major periods of the runoff time series were identified as about 28 years, 14 years and 4 years with decreasing levels of fluctuation. The river runoff evolution process was controlled by changes in precipitation to a certain extent, but it was also greatly influenced by human activities. Also, for different time periods and scales, the impacts of climate changes and human activities on annual river runoff evolution occurred at the same time. Changes in the annual river runoffwere mainly associated with climate change before the 1980s and with human activities after 1981.     

The main meteorological factors of formation and development of mire meadow of Qinghai Lake drainage area

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基于机器学习的高精度高分辨率气象因子时空估计

气象变量常作为重要的影响因子出现在环境污染、疾病健康和农业等领域,而高分辨率的气象资料可作为众多研究的基础数据,对推进相关研究的发展意义重大。本文以中国大陆为研究区域,利用2015年824个气象站点的气温、相对湿度和风速3套数据,结合不同的解释变量组合,分别构建了各自的GAM和残差自编码器神经网络（简称残差网络）模型,以10倍交叉验证判断模型是否过拟合。研究结果表明：① GAM和残差网络方法都不存在过拟合问题,同GAM相比,残差网络显著提高了模型预测的精度（3个气象因素的交叉验证CV R²平均提高了0.21,CV RMSE平均降低了37%）,其中相对湿度模型的提升幅度最大（CV R²:0.85 vs. 0.52,CV RMSE:7.53% vs. 13.59%）;② 残差模型的结果较普通克里格插值结果和再分析资料更接近站点观测数据,表明残差网络可作为高分辨率气象数据研制的可靠方法。此外,研究还发现在相对湿度模型中加入臭氧浓度和气温、在风速模型中加入GLDAS风速再分析资料,可提升模型的性能。     

Sensitivity of penman-monteith reference crop evapotranspiration in Tao’er River Basin of northeastern China

A non-dimensional relative sensitivity coefficient was employed to predict the responses of reference crop evapotranspiration （ET0） to perturbation of four climate variables in Tao＇er River Basin of the northeastern China. Mean monthly ET0 and yearly ET0 from 1961 to 2005 were estimated with the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith Equation. A 45-year historical dataset of average monthly maximum/minimum air temperature, mean air temperature, wind speed, sunshine hours and relative humidity from 15 meteorological stations was used in the analysis. Results show that： 1） Sensitivity coefficients of wind speed, air temperature and sunshine hours were positive except for those of air temperature of Arxan Meteorological Station, while those of relative humidity were all negative. Relative humidity was the most sensitive variable in general for the Tao＇er River Basin, followed by sunshine hours, wind speed and air temperature. 2） Similar to climate variable, monthly sensitivity coefficients exhibit large annual fluctuations. 3） Sensitivity coefficients for four climate variables all showed significant trends in seasonal/yearly series. Also, sensitivity coefficients of air temperature, sunshine hours and wind speed all showed significant trends in spring. 4） Among all sensitivity coefficients, the average yearly sensitivity coefficient of relative humidity was highest throughout the basin and showed largest spatial variability. Longitudinal distribution of sensitivity coefficients for air temperature, relative humidity and sunshine hours was also found, which was similar to the distribution of the three climate variables.     

Diurnal and seasonal variation of the elevation gradient of air temperature in the northern flank of the western Qinling Mountain range,China

The typically sparse or lacking distribution of meteorological stations in mountainous areas inadequately resolves temperature elevation variability. This study presented the diurnal and seasonal variations of the elevation gradient of air temperature in the northern flank of the western Qinling Mountain range,which has not been thoroughly evaluated. The measurements were conducted at 9 different elevations between 1710 and 2500 m from August 2014 to August 2015 with HOBO Data loggers. The results showed that the annual temperature lapse rates(TLRs) for Tmean,Tmin and Tmax were 0.45?C/100 m,0.44?C/100 m and 0.40?C/100 m,respectively,which are substantially smaller than the often used value of 0.60°C/100 m to 0.65°C/100 m. The TLRs showed no obvious seasonal variations,except for the maximum temperature lapse rate,which was steeper in winter and shallower in spring. Additionally,the TLRs showed significant diurnal variations,with the steepest TLR in forenoon and the shallowest in early morning or late-afternoon,and the TLRs changed more severely during the daytime than night time. The accumulated temperature above 0°C,5°C and 10°C(AT0,AT5 and AT10) decreased at a lapse rate of 112.8?C days/100 m,104.5?C days/100 m and 137.0?C days/100 m,respectively. The monthly and annual mean diurnal range of temperatures(MDRT and ADRT) demonstrated unimodal curves along the elevation gradients,while the annual range of temperature(ART) showed no significant elevation differences. Our results strongly suggest that the extrapolated regional TLR may not be a good representative for an individual mountainside,in particular,where there are only sparse meteorological stations at high elevations.     

Meteorological Features at 6523 m of Mt.Qomolangma （Everest） between 1 May and 22 July 2005

Introduction Mt. Qomolangma (Everest) (27°54'N, 86°54'E) (Hereafter Mt. Qomolangma) lies between China and Nepal (Figure 1), and is the highest peak in the world, 8844.43 m asl (As promulgated by News Of-fice of the Chinese State Council in October 2005…     

利用最小二乘支持向量机的短临降雨预测模型构建

针对传统降雨预测理论错报率高及算法拟合精度低等缺陷,将与降雨过程相关的多种气象参数（温度、相对湿度、露点温度、气压等）及时间参数（年积日和天积时）引入短临降雨预测模型的构建。将新加坡2个GNSS和气象并址的测站（NTUS、SNUS）2010～2012年的气象数据及降雨数据作为样本,研究气象参数与降雨数据的时变特征,结果发现,降雨发生前气象参数均表现出异常的变化趋势,且各类气象参数与降雨均表现出弱相关性特征。基于该发现,首次应用最小二乘支持向量机（LS-SVM）模型实现对未来降雨的预测,将气象参数和时间参数作为模型输入,降雨数据作为模型输出,并利用正确率（TFR）和错报率（FFR）评价LS-SVM模型的精度。实验结果表明,该算法可预测出99%的降雨事件,且FFR为40%;与现有最小二乘降雨预测模型相比,该算法的FFR降低近20%,TFR提高近10%。     

地面反射率与若干气象因子关系的初步分析

利用中国１４个代表站１９８６～１９９０年地面反射率的实际资料，分析了地面反射率与若干气象影响因子（如气温、湿度、降水和积雪）的关系，进而用回归拟合法得出了几种用常规气象资料估算地面反射率的方法。     

体感温度客观分析方法研究

影响人体体感温度的气象要素主要包括温度、湿度、风以及太阳辐射,依据这些气象要素影响人体体感温度的原理,确定了平均气温与体感温度相同时的临界相对湿度、风速及太阳辐射值.以全国有水平面直接辐射曝辐量观测项目的77个气象台站的历年逐日4次定时观测资料为基础,把相邻两个白昼(夜间)的气温差作为因变量,相对湿度差、风速差、垂直辐射差(白昼)作为自变量,以旬为时问分辨率,建立了逐旬多元回归方程.各地所建立的逐句多元线性拟合方程拟合优度相当高,F统计量检验也充分证明线性回归方程总体成立,从气候意义、统计角度来看该方法都具有充分的可行性.