不同食物与放养水层对九孔鲍生长的影响

采用室内池子多层笼养殖方式，以加工海带、鲜江蓠与Ａ，Ｂ２种片状饲料为饵料，试验了不同食物与不同放养水层对九孔鲍生长影响，结果表明：（１）从壳长增长上，海带与饲料Ｂ近似，各为１１．３与１１．２ｍｍ；其次为饲料Ａ，１０．２ｍｍ；而江蓠最差，仅７．７ｍｍ；（２）在体重增长上，以饲料Ｂ最高，平均每只为３．３ｇ，其次为饲料Ａ与海带，平均每只２．９ｇ，而江蓠仅１．８ｇ；（３）从试验期间所获体重增长比壳长增长看，两种饲料（Ｂ为２９５，Ａ为２８４ｍｇ／ｍｍ）均比两种海藻高（海带为２５７，江蓠为２３４ｍｇ／ｍｍ）；（４）从垂直１１层笼子九孔鲍生长的比较，下层的好于上层，越是下层越好，投喂两种饲料在体重上差别更明显。     

不同水层与饵料对筏式吊养九孔鲍生长及存活的影响

采用筏式吊养模式,分别研究水层与饵料两因子对九孔鲍幼鲍生长与存活的影响。养殖水层设置5个水深,分别为-1 m,-2 m,-3 m,-4 m,-5 m;3类饵料分别为海带、江篱菜、海带+江篱菜。通过单因素方差分析方法对养殖60、120日龄时的九孔鲍生长性状进行方差分析,并对不同水平下的均数进行多重比较,结果表明:水层因子对60日龄九孔鲍的壳长和壳宽及存活率均无显著影响(p值>0.05),对体质量影响显著(p值<0.05);对120日龄鲍苗的所有生长性状均有显著影响;饵料因子对60日龄和120日龄鲍苗的体质量、壳长、壳宽与存活率均有影响显著(p值>0.05)。综合水层和饵料的实验结果表明,在-2 m水层以江蓠菜+海带为饵料时,九孔鲍幼鲍的生长最好,主要生长性状均显著大于其他组合。     

笼养密度对九孔鲍生长的影响

在室内水池内以五层笼摞叠养殖方式,试验了入笼时平均壳长21.2 mm(平均体重1.1 7 g)、37.0 mm(平均体重5.43 g)、51.8 mm(平均体重16.08 g)小、中、大3种规格的九孔鲍的不同放养密度对其生长的影响.笼子大小为40 cm×30 cm×12 cm.小规格设每笼放养量为25、30、35、40、45与50只6种密度;中为25、30、35、40、与45只5种密度;大为20、25、30与40只4种密度.经60 d试验,结果表明(1)小个体组以30只/笼生长最快,平均160μm/d,33 mg/d;(2)中个体组以25只/笼生长最快,平均123um/d,62 mg/d;(3)大个体组以20只/笼生长最快,平均95 μm/d,116 mg/d.     

皱纹盘鲍和九孔鲍遗传差异nad2-cox1分析及鲍属系统发育

基于nad2-cox1核苷酸序列分析了皱纹盘鲍和九孔鲍3个养殖群体的遗传差异,基于cox1分析了鲍属19种鲍的系统发育关系。共获得625 bp的DNA片段,33个片段共检测到17种单倍型,其中皱纹盘鲍2个群体26个个体15种单倍型,九孔鲍7个个体2种单倍型。皱纹盘鲍大连群体与厦门群体有6种交叉共享单倍型,皱纹盘鲍与九孔鲍之间无共享单倍型。皱纹盘鲍群体内个体间的遗传距离(D)为0.002~0.015,九孔鲍个体间D值为0.003,两种鲍间的遗传距离为0.300~0.320。鲍属系统发育分析显示,皱纹盘鲍与日本鲍、盘鲍聚为一支(D值为0.000~0.004),而后与大鲍聚在一起(支持率为100﹪)(D值为0.018),九孔鲍、细纹九孔鲍、杂色鲍聚为一支(D值为0)。九孔鲍与马蹄螺科的Diloma bicanaliculata聚为一支,白鲍、黑鲍、红鲍、北国鲍、堪察加鲍聚为一支(支持率87﹪)。     

浅海筏式养殖中密度对九孔鲍生长的影响

在自然海区设置5个水平养殖密度,分别为100、200、300、500、700只/组,每组分别设置1平行组,观察筏式养殖密度对九孔鲍生长的影响,结果表明:养殖密度对九孔鲍的生长和存活率有显著影响(p值<0.05),在5只密度组中以低密度组的生长最快,存活率最高,平均日增壳长、日增壳宽与日增体质量分别达72.50μm/d、40.00μm/d与14.17 mg/d;随着养殖密度的增加,九孔鲍生长逐渐减慢,存活率逐渐降低;在实验范围内,养殖密度与平均日增体质量的回归方程式为y=12.338 exp(-0.000 2x)。     

盐度对不同规格九孔鲍耗氧量和排氨率的影响

【目的】探讨盐度对不同规格九孔鲍(Haliotis diversicolor supertexta)耗氧量和排氨率的影响。【方法】采用实验室生态学方法,测定7种盐度下(21、24、27、30、33、36和40)3种规格[干质量(1.53±0.14)、(1.11±0.23)和(0.68±0.20)g]九孔鲍的耗氧率和排氨率。【结果】(1)盐度在21～36时,耗氧率随着盐度的上升而增大;盐度为36时,3种规格九孔鲍的耗氧率均达到最大值;当盐度大于36时,耗氧率随盐度上升而下降,九孔鲍的耗氧率(R_O)与软体部干质量(m)的回归关系符合幂函数:R_O=a m~(-b),其中a的波动范围在0.412～1.216之间,平均值为0.818±0.286;b的波动范围在0.311～0.546之间,平均值为0.446±0.074;(2)排氨率在实验盐度范围内呈持续升高趋势,排氨率(R_N)与软体部干质量(m)的回归关系符合幂函数:R_N=c m~(-d),其中c的波动范围在0.174～0.621之间,平均值为0.330±0.154;d的波动范围在0.439～0.668之间,平均值为0.521±0.084;(3)相同盐度下,九孔鲍的耗氧率和排氨率随干质量的增大而显著减小(P <0.05),且耗氧率和排氨率与干质量均符合R=a m~(-b)模型;(4)九孔鲍的规格对O/N比值影响不显著(P> 0.05),当盐度为40时,O/N值显著降低。【结论】盐度、规格及两者间的交互作用均对九孔鲍的耗氧率和排氨率有显著影响。     

九孔鲍生长性状的遗传力及其相关性分析

采用平衡巢式设计方法和人工授精技术,构建九孔鲍(Haliotis diversicolor supertexta)12个半同胞家系和36个全同胞家系(每个雄鲍配3个雌鲍),分别测定每个母系生长到8月龄的全同胞个体30个后代的壳长、壳宽和体质量,应用数量遗传学的全同胞组内相关分析法,利用SPSS软件的GLM过程计算表型变量的原因方差组分,估算九孔鲍8月龄生长性状的遗传力以及性状间遗传相关和表型相关。结果表明:利用父系半同胞组内相关法估计的遗传力是九孔鲍各生长性状遗传力的无偏估计值,其中壳长、壳宽和体质量性状的狭义遗传力的估计值分别为0.285、0.264和0.343,属于中高等遗传力,显示出较高的选择育种潜力;基于父系半同胞遗传协方差组分及表型协方差分别估计的各性状间的遗传相关和表型相关表明,各性状间均表现出高的正相关,其中壳长―壳宽、壳长―体质量和壳宽―体质量性状间遗传相关的相关系数分别为0.947、0.934、0.902,表型相关的相关系数分别为0.910、0.791、0.760。经t检验,各性状间遗传相关和表型相关均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。研究表明,以任何一个生长性状为参数进行选育,均可达到改良九孔鲍生长的效果。     

九孔鲍养殖群体与野生群体杂交一代生长比较

利用九孔鲍(Haliotis diversicolor supertexta)汕尾养殖群体(BD)和深圳野生群体(YS)进行群体间杂交及群体内自繁,获得YS♀×BD♂、BD♀×YS♂、BD♀×BD♂和YS♀×YS♂4个组合的F1代,对其卵径、受精率、幼体附着率、幼体变态率,以及40、70、100、160、220、280日龄幼鲍的存活率及壳长、壳宽等进行比较。结果表明:野生群体卵径比养殖群体大12.14%,差异极显著(p值<0.01);受精率、附着率、变态率,杂交组显著大于自繁组(p值<0.05);杂交组在幼体存活率、稚贝主要生长性状与自繁组相比均表现出不同程度的杂种优势,幼鲍存活率平均杂种优势变化范围为(14.89±3.60)%～(43.00±2.15)%,壳长平均杂种优势变化范围为(5.18±1.46)%～(18.52±2.12)%,壳宽平均杂种优势变化范围为(6.17±1.09)%～(16.72±1.26)%,体质量平均杂种优势变化范围为(9.86±1.25)%～(12.55±1.26)%;通过野生群体与养殖群体的杂交育苗能提高九孔鲍的经济性状。     

南海海域数种海藻总脂质及脂肪酸含量的比较

研究南海海域盛产的四种褐藻（海带、裙带菜、昆布和亨氏马尾藻）、三种红藻（紫菜、沙菜和江蓠）及来自南海三个不同海区（南沙、惠来和南澳）亨氏马尾藻的总脂质及脂肪酸含量干重，并重点比较其多不饱和脂肪酸的含量。结果表明，供试褐藻类海藻总脂质含量w在1．81％－6．11％之间，红藻类海藻的总脂质含量w在1．44％－3．96％之间；紫菜中含有7．548mg/g（干重，下同）的严油酸（C18：2）；海带含丰富C18：1达5．592mg/g；花生四烯酸（C20：4）在裙带菜中含量为1．606mg/g；在供试藻种中，昆布的EPA（C20:5)和DHA（C22：6）含量最高，测定值为608μg/g和689μg/g。     

南海海域数种海藻总脂质及脂肪酸含量的比较

研究南海海域盛产的四种褐藻(海带、裙带菜、昆布和亨氏马尾藻)、三种红藻(紫菜、沙菜和江蓠)及来自南海三个不同海区(南沙、惠来和南澳)亨氏马尾藻的总脂质及脂肪酸含量干重,并重点比较其多不饱和脂肪酸的含量.结果表明,供试褐藻类海藻总脂质含量ω在1.81%～6.11%之间,红藻类海藻的总脂质含量ω在1.44%～3.96%之间;紫菜中含有7.548mg/g(干重,下同)的亚油酸(C182);海带含丰富C181,达5.592mg/g;花生四烯酸(C204)在裙带菜中含量为1.606mg/g;在供试藻种中,昆布的EPA(C20.5)和DHA(C226)含量最高,测定值为608μg/g和689μg/g.     

Effects of dietary menadione on the activity of antioxidant enzymes in abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino

A 240-day growth experiment in a re-circulating water system was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary menadione on the growth and antioxidant responses of abalone Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Triplicate groups of juvenile abalone (initial weight: 1.19 ± 0.01 g; shell length: 19.23 ± 0.01 mm) were fed to satiation with 3 semi-purified diets containing 0, 10, and 1 000 mg menadione sodium bisulfite (MSB)/kg, respectively. Results show that there were no significant differences in the rate of weight gain or in the daily increment in shell length of abalone among different treatments. Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR) in viscera were significantly decreased with dietary menadione. However, activities of these enzymes except for GPX in muscle were increased. Therefore, antioxidant responses of abalone were increased in muscle and decreased in viscera by dietary menadione.     

Effects of Dietary Carbohydrates Sources on Lipids Compositions in Abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary carbohydrates on triglyceride, cholesterol and fatty acid concentrations in abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Six semi-purified diets with different carbohydrates (dextrin, heat-treated wheat starch, wheat starch, corn starch, tapioca starch and potato starch, respectively), all containing a carbohydrate level of 33.5%, were fed to abalone (initial shell length: 29.98 mm±0.09 mm; initial weight. 3.42 g±0.02 g) for 24 weeks in a recirculation system. The results indicate that serum triglyceride concentrations were significantly (P<0.05) higher in the abalone fed with dextrin, heat-treated wheat starch and wheat starch than those fed with corn starch, and serum cholesterol concentrations were significantly (P<0.05)higher in the abalone fed with dextrin, heat-treated wheat starch than those fed with corn starch. Fatty acid C20:4n-6 in the foot muscles were significantly (P<0.05) lower in the abalone fed with dextrin than those fed with wheat starch, corn starch, tapioca starch and potato starch. Fatty acid C20:4n-6 in hepatopancreas was significantly (P<0.05) lower in abalone fed with heat-treated wheat starch than those fed with corn starch, tapioca starch and potato starch. Fatty acid C22:6n-3 in the foot muscles were significantly (P< 0.05) lower in the abalone fed with dextrin and heat-treated wheat starch than those fed with wheat starch and potato starch.     

Effects of dietary carbohydrates sources on lipids compositions in abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino

A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary carbohydrates on triglyceride, cholesterol and fatty acid concentrations in abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Six semi-purified diets with different carbohydrates (dextrin, heat-treated wheat starch, wheat starch, corn starch, tapioca starch and potato starch, respectively), all containing a carbohydrate level of 33.5%, were fed to abalone (initial shell length: 29.98 mm ± 0.09 mm; initial weight: 3.42 g ± 0.02 g) for 24 weeks in a recirculation system. The results indicate that serum triglyceride concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the abalone fed with dextrin, heat-treated wheat starch and wheat starch than those fed with corn starch, and serum cholesterol concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the abalone fed with dextrin, heat-treated wheat starch than those fed with corn starch. Fatty acid C20:4n-6 in the foot muscles were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the abalone fed with dextrin than those fed with wheat starch, corn starch, tapioca starch and potato starch. Fatty acid C20:4n-6 in hepatopancreas was significantly (P < 0.05) lower in abalone fed with heat-treated wheat starch than those fed with corn starch, tapioca starch and potato starch. Fatty acid C22:6n-3 in the foot muscles were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in the abalone fed with dextrin and heat-treated wheat starch than those fed with wheat starch and potato starch.     

AVAILABILITY OF PHOSPHORUS FROM SELECTED INORGANIC PHOSPHATES TO JUVENILE ABALONE, HALIOTIS DISCUS HANNAI INO

The availability of phosphorus to juvenile abalone,Haliotis discus hannai from primary, secondary and tertiary calcium phosphate, primary sodium or potassium phosphate separately or in combination was determined in a 120-day feeding trial. Seven semi-purified diets were formulated to contain relatively constant dietary phosphorus, ranging from 0.78%–0.82%. The concentrations of dietary phosphorus were presumed to be slightly below the requirement for abalone. A brown alga,Laminaria japonica, was used as a control diet. Abalone juveniles of silimar size (average weight 1.18 g; average shell length 18.74 mm) were distributed in a single-pass, flow-through system using a completely randomized design with eight treatments and three replicates each treatment. The survival ranged from 71.1% to 81.1%, and was not significantly (P>0.05) related to dietary treatment. However, the weight gain rate (41.72%–65.02%), daily increment in shell length (36.87–55.07 μm) and muscle RNA-DNA ratio (3.44–4.69) were significantly (P<0.05) affected by dietary treatment. Soft body alkaline phosphatase activity (10.9–19.8 U/g wet tissue) and carcass levels of lipid (7.71%–9.33%) and protein (46.68%–49.35%) were significantly (P<0.05) responsive to available phosphorus of the diets. Dietary treatment had significant effect (P<0.05) on concentrations of phosphorus in the whole body (WB) and soft body (SB). Apparent digestibility coefficients (45%–97%) of phosphorus were also significantly (P<0.05) different between dietary treatments. The results indicated that among these inorganic compounds, primary calcium, potassium and sodium phosphates separately or in combination could be utilized effectively by juvenile abalone as dietary phosphorus sources (availability ranging from 87%–97%). However, secondary and tertiary calcium phosphates were found to be low in availability, the values being 45% and 77%, repectively. Project 39670572 supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC).     

AVAILABILITY OF PHOSPHORUS FROM SELECTED INORGANIC PHOSPHATES TO JUVENILE ABALONE,HALIOTIS DISCUS HANNAI INO.

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DIETARY PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENT OF YOUNG ABALONE, HALIOTIS DISCUS HANNAI INO.

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DIETARY PHOSPHORUS REQUIREMENT OF YOUNG ABALONE, HALIOTIS DISCUS HANNAI INO

An experiment was performed to determine the dietary phosphorus requirement of the young abalone,Haliotis discus hannai. Five semi-purified diets were formulated to provide a series of graded levels of dietary total phosphorus (0.23%–1.98) from monobasic potassium phosphate (KH2P04). The brown alga,Laminaria japonica, was used as a control diet. Similar size abalone were distributed in a single-pass, flow-through system using a completely randomized design with six treatments and three replicates each treatment. The abalone were hand-fed to satiation with appropriate diets in excess, once daily at 17:00. The feeding trial was run for 120-d. Survival rate and soft-body to shell ratio (SB/S) were constantly maintained regardless of dietary treatment. However, the weight gain rate (WGR), daily increment in shell length (DISL), muscle RNA to DNA ratio (RNA/DNA), carcass levels of lipid and protein, soft-body alkaline phosphatase (SBAKP), and phosphorus concentrations of whole body (WB) and soft body (SB) were significantly (ANOVA, P<0.05) affected by the dietary phosphorus level. The dietary phosphorus requirements of the abalone were evaluated from the WGR, DISL, and RNA/DNA ratio respectively, by using second-order polynomial regression analysis. Based on these criteria, about 1.0%–1.2% total dietary phosphorus, i.e. 0.9%–1.1% dietary available phosphorus is recommended for the maximum growth of the abalone. Project 39670572 supported by the NSFC.     

A Successful Microbound Diet for the Larval Culture of Chinese Shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis

A 13-day feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of a microbound diet for rearing the larvae of Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis in comparison with the live foods that consist of Isochrysis galbana, Chlorella vulgaris, Tetraselrnis chuii, rotifer （Brachionus plicatilis） and Arternia sp. Larvae of 0 to 13d post-hatch （dph） were reared in a temperature-controlled semi-open culture system and stocked at a density of 100 larvae L^-1 in tanks, each containing 50 L sterilized seawater with salinity 30-32. Larvae were manually fed either the live foods or the microbound diet 6 times per day. At 13 dph, the growth of the larvae fed on the microbound diet was approximately 84% of that fed on the live foods. The survival rate of the larvae fed on the microbound diet was 44.29% at 13dph, which was not significantly different from that of larvae fed on live foods （63.55%）. The body length and development index （DI） of the larvae fed on the microbound diet were always lower than those of larvae fed on live foods. However, the differences reached significant levels only at 11 and 13 dph （P〈 0.05）. The mean dry weight loss of the microbound diet was 9.2% after 90 min immersion in seawater, indicating that this diet has a good water stability. The microbound diet contains 52.23% crude protein and 10.27% lipid and is easy to prepare. These characteristics of the diet suggest good potentials for its successful use in the larviculture of other penaeid and fish species.     

A successful microbound diet for the larval culture of Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis

A 13-day feeding trial was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of a microbound diet for rearing the larvae of Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis in comparison with the live foods that consist of Isochrysis galbana, Chlorella vulgaris, Tetraselmis chuii, rotifer (Brachionus plicatilis) and Artemia sp. Larvae of 0 to 13d post-hatch (dph) were reared in a temperature-controlled semi-open culture system and stocked at a density of 100 larvae L⁻¹ in tanks, each containing 50 L sterilized seawater with salinity 30–32. Larvae were manually fed either the live foods or the microbound diet 6 times per day. At 13dph, the growth of the larvae fed on the microbound diet was approximately 84% of that fed on the live foods. The survival rate of the larvae fed on the microbound diet was 44.29% at 13 dph, which was not significantly different from that of larvae fed on live foods (63.55% ). The body length and development index (DI) of the larvae fed on the microbound diet were always lower than those of larvae fed on live foods. However, the differences reached significant levels only at 11 and 13dph (P<0.05). The mean dry weight loss of the microbound diet was 9.2% after 90min immersion in seawater, indicating that this diet has a good water stability. The microbound diet contains 5223% crude protein and 10.27% lipid and is easy to prepare. These characteristics of the diet suggest good potentials for its successful use in the larviculture of other penaeid and fish species.     

Dietary guaiacol improves the growth of juvenile abalone, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Haliotis discus hannai</Emphasis> Ino

We conducted a preliminarily study on the effects of dietary guaiacol on growth performance of abalone, Haliotis discus hannai Ino. Seven semi-purified diets were formulated with graded levels of guaiacol (0, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500, and 1 000 mg kg⁻¹). Abalone (initial weight: 0.29 ± 0.01 g; initial shell length: 8.55 ± 0.27 mm) were fed with these diets in a re-circulated water system for 152 days. Guaiacol significantly improved the specific growth rate (SGR) (P<0.05); excessive dietary guaiacol (1 000 mg kg⁻¹) led to significantly high mortality (P<0.05), and lipid content in the soft body increased significantly after dietary guaiacol (P<0.05). Activities of catalase and phenoloxidase (PO) in the viscera were significantly stimulated by dietary guaiacol (P<0.05). Broken-line analysis based on SGR indicated that the minimum dietary guaiacol for the optimal growth of juvenile abalone is 15.43 mg kg⁻¹.